ABSTRACT
Frugivore bats are important seed dispersers in forests and their abundance are associated with the presence of zoochoric plants. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of the frugivore bat S. lilium with the diaspores of the zoochoric plant S. mauritianum, a common arboreal species present in forest fragments of southern Brazil. We also investigated the diet of the species based on seed content present in feces of individuals. Bats were mist-netted from November 2017 to April 2018 in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. The proportion of immature and mature diaspores of S. mauritianum was estimated in the same area where bats were sampled, and feces were sampled from captured individuals. In total, 61 individuals of S. lilium were captured, and 795 seeds were sampled from their feces. The abundance of S. lilium was significantly associated with the proportion of immature diaspores of S. mauritianum. We identified seeds of two botanical families: Solanaceae (89%) and Moraceae (11%) in the fecal samples. Our findings support the view that S. lilium is a legitimate disperser of S. mauritianum, and that its ecological function is probably a result of co-adaptation.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera , Feces , Forests , Animals , Brazil , Chiroptera/classification , Feces/chemistry , Solanum/classification , Seed Dispersal , Population Density , SeedsABSTRACT
A natural heparin-like compound isolated from the crab Goniopsis cruentata was structurally characterized and its anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities were determined. Enzymatic and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that its structure is rich in disulfated disaccharides, possessing significant amounts of 2-O-sulfated-ß-D-glucuronic acid units. Furthermore, low amounts of trisulfated disaccharide units containing 2-O-sulfated-α-L-iduronic acid were detected, when compared to mammalian heparin. In addition, this heparin-like structure showed negligible in vitro anticoagulant activity and low bleeding potency, facts that make it a suitable candidate for the development of structure-driven, heparin based therapeutic agents with fewer undesirable effects.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Brachyura/chemistry , Glucuronates/chemistry , Heparin/pharmacology , Animals , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Anticoagulants/isolation & purification , Carbohydrate Conformation , Carbohydrate Sequence , Cattle , Disaccharides/chemistry , Glucosamine/chemistry , Glucuronates/isolation & purification , Heparin/chemistry , Heparin/isolation & purification , Heparitin Sulfate/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Molecular Weight , Partial Thromboplastin Time , Rats , Uronic Acids/chemistryABSTRACT
The anti-inflammatory properties of a heparin-like compound from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei are related. Besides reducing significantly (p<0.001) the influx of inflammatory cells to injury site in a model of acute inflammation, shrimp heparin-like compound was able to reduce the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activity in the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals. Moreover, this compound also reduced almost 90% the activity of MMP-9 secreted by human activated leukocytes. Negligible anti-coagulant activities in aPPT assay and a poor bleeding potential make this compound a better alternative than mammalian heparin as a possible anti-inflammatory drug.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology , Heparin/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Penaeidae/physiology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry , Glycosaminoglycans/isolation & purification , Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Heparin/chemistry , Heparin/isolation & purification , Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/enzymology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Neutrophils/drug effects , Peritoneal Cavity/physiology , Rabbits , Rats , SwineABSTRACT
A beta-glucuronidase was purified from Pomacea sp. eggs by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-BioGel and Heparin-Sepharose chromatographies. This enzyme showed a Mr 180 kDa, with subunits of 90 kDa. The kinetic parameters were: pH 4.0, temperature 60 degrees C, Km 2.7 x 10(-6) and Vmax 15.3 microM/h, activator Mg+2, and inhibitor: lactone of D-saccharic acid. beta-glucuronidase is an exoglucuronidase involved in glycosaminoglycans metabolism with kinetics parameters similar to those found in mammals.
