Changes in childhood stroke mortality from 1990 to 2019 in Brazil and its federative units.

This research analyzed the temporal trend of stroke mortality in children aged 0-14 years, from 1990 to 2019, in Brazil and its federative units. This ecological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease, a study led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Stroke definition considered the International Classification of Diseases according to codes G45, G46, and I60-I69. Age-standardized mortality rates and the mean annual percentage change (APC) in mortality rates were estimated. Stroke mortality trends decreased, with an APC of - 3.9% (95% CI - 4.5; - 3.3; p < 0.001). Reducing trends were found in all but two states, where they were stationary. Maranhão (- 6.5%; 95% CI - 7.6; - 5.4; p < 0.001) had the greatest reduction and Rondônia, the smallest (- 1.2%; 95% CI - 2.3; - 0.1, p = 0.027). Decrease was more important in children < 5 (- 5.8%; 95% CI - 6.3; - 5.2; p < 0.001) compared to 5-14 years old (- 2.1%; 95% CI - 2.9; - 1.3; p < 0.001); additionally, it was greater in girls (- 4.1%; 95% CI - 4.6; - 3.5; p < 0.001) than in boys (- 3.8%; 95% IC - 4.5; - 3.1; p < 0.001). Ischemic stroke had the highest APC (- 6.1%; 95% CI - 6.8; - 5.3; p < 0.001), followed by intracranial hemorrhage (- 5.3%; 95% CI - 6.1; - 4.5; p < 0.001) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (- 2.7%; 95% CI - 3.3; - 2.1; p < 0.001). Largest reductions were seen in states with more vulnerable socioeconomic contexts. The stationary trends and lowest APCs were concentrated in the northern region, which had greater impact of diseases and less favorable outcomes.

Do heart rate variability indices present potential to predict late postmenopausal? A retrospective study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare heart rate variability indices in early and late postmenopausal women and assess their correlation and prognostic value to predict late postmenopausal. METHODS: An observational and retrospective study was performed with the medical records of patients from Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo between 2018 and 2019. We selected medical records of women with menopause, over 40 years old, which were divided into two groups, according to postmenopausal time, i.e., early and late postmenopausal. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 123 women (55 in the early and 68 in the late postmenopausal group). RRtri (triangular index) was lower in the late postmenopausal group (8.68 vs. 7.15, p=0.040). There was a significant weak negative correlation in SDNN, RRtri, and SD2 and postmenopausal time. RRtri presented the potential to predict late postmenopausal. CONCLUSION: The increase in postmenopausal time decreases global heart rate variability indices. The geometric index RRtri was significantly lower in late postmenopausal women and presented the potential to predict late postmenopausal.

Temporal Trend of the Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: An Ecological Study of Brazilians between 2006 and 2012.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, including in Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of stroke from 2006 to 2012. This ecological study was conducted by secondary analysis in May 2018, using data from the surveillance of risk factors and protection for chronic diseases by telephone inquiry (VIGITEL) available in the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). The modifiable risk factors of stroke in Brazilians were systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, abusive alcohol consumption, overweight, and obesity. Overall, there was a significant increase in the risk factors of diabetes (ß = 0.30, P = 0.001, r2 = 0.99), overweight (ß = 0.50, P = 0.002, r2 = 0.98), and obesity (ß = 0.88, P < 0.001, r2 = 0.96). However, there was a stability in the prevalence of hypertension (ß = 0.25, P = 0.320, r2 = 0.88) and alcohol abuse (ß = 0.32, P = 0.116, r2 = 0.49). There was an increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, overweight, and obesity, but stability in systemic arterial hypertension and abusive alcohol consumption in the Brazilian population.

Do heart rate variability indices present potential to predict late postmenopausal? A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare heart rate variability indices in early and late postmenopausal women and assess their correlation and prognostic value to predict late postmenopausal. METHODS: An observational and retrospective study was performed with the medical records of patients from Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo between 2018 and 2019. We selected medical records of women with menopause, over 40 years old, which were divided into two groups, according to postmenopausal time, i.e., early and late postmenopausal. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 123 women (55 in the early and 68 in the late postmenopausal group). RRtri (triangular index) was lower in the late postmenopausal group (8.68 vs. 7.15, p=0.040). There was a significant weak negative correlation in SDNN, RRtri, and SD2 and postmenopausal time. RRtri presented the potential to predict late postmenopausal. CONCLUSION: The increase in postmenopausal time decreases global heart rate variability indices. The geometric index RRtri was significantly lower in late postmenopausal women and presented the potential to predict late postmenopausal.

Effect of resisted exercise on autonomic cardiac modulation in elderly women: STROBE-compliant study.

ABSTRACT: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important cardiac health marker, with lower values indicating a reduction in vagal control of cardiac rhythm and decreasing significantly with advancing age. In this study, we evaluated the effects of strength exercises for the upper and lower limbs on cardiac autonomic modulation in elderly women.We registered 29 participants using a portable RS800CX heart rate monitor to record the RR intervals. For the collection of HRV data, the volunteers remained seated at rest for 10 minutes. After the rest period, the participants performed the exercises. Immediately after the exercise protocol, the subjects remained seated at rest for 30 minutes. HRV indices were analyzed in the following periods: rest, 0 to 10 minutes, 5 to 10 minutes, 10 to 20 minutes, and 20 to 30 minutes. Systolic arterial pressure and diastolic arterial pressure were measured in the following periods: rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 minutes after exercise.Regarding the mean of the RR intervals, heart rate, and indexes of the time and frequency domains surveyed, there were no statistically significant differences between the 4 moments in the protocols for upper and lower limbs. No significant differences were found in systolic and diastolic pressures between the 3 time points surveyed in the protocols for the upper and lower limbs.Resistance exercises performed with low-intensity loads and a greater number of repetitions did not promote significant variations in cardiac autonomic modulation and blood pressure levels, showing good safety in elderly women.

Two cases of neural tube defects with dolutegravir use at conception in south Brazil.

Dolutegravir (DTG) is amongst the most prescribed antiretrovirals worldwide and is recommended as first line regimen in most HIV treatment guidelines. Its use, although infrequently, had been associated to an increased chance of neural tube defects (NTD) in Botswana, Africa. Herein we describe two cases of NTD in women who conceived while taking DTG as part of their antiretroviral treatment in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Two cases of neural tube defects with dolutegravir use at conception in south Brazil

ABSTRACT Dolutegravir (DTG) is amongst the most prescribed antiretrovirals worldwide and is recommended as first line regimen in most HIV treatment guidelines. Its use, although infrequently, had been associated to an increased chance of neural tube defects (NTD) in Botswana, Africa. Herein we describe two cases of NTD in women who conceived while taking DTG as part of their antiretroviral treatment in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Correlation between timed up and go, usual gait speed and dizziness handicap inventory in elderly with vestibular disorders: a retrospective and analytical study.

BACKGROUND: This study was done to verify the associations between the usual gait speed (UGS), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and the perception of disability in elderly vestibular patients and to identify factors associated with TUG results. METHODS: This was a descriptive, analytical, and retrospective study that used data from the clinical records of vestibular patients aged 65 years or older at a rehabilitation service in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The records were examined for the following information: sex, age, type of vestibular disorder, dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) score and performance in the TUG and UGS tests before treatment. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient was used depending on the distribution of data. Age and the DHI were factored into multiple linear regression models in order to model the tests. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive power of age, the DHI total, and the UGS for the sample's TUG results. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: We evaluated 118 clinical records, of which 26 were excluded due to incomplete information, leaving data from 92 vestibular patients (73 females; 78.3 ± 5.8 years old). Unilateral vestibular hypofunction and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo presented the highest prevalence. The total score and the DHI domains showed a significant association with the TUG and UGS values. The age-adjusted DHI had a low predictive power for these same values. CONCLUSIONS: The total score and DHI domains have a significant association with the TUG and UGS values for elderly adults with vestibular disorders. The age-adjusted DHI has a low predictive power for TUG and UGS values.

Geometric indexes of heart rate variability in healthy individuals exposed to long-term air pollution.

The aim of this study was to investigate the autonomic modulation of heart rate in healthy individuals exposed to long-term air pollution through geometric methods. We analyzed data from 109 healthy adults aged 18 to 49, divided into three groups according to the exposure time: period 0 to 15 years of exposure (n = 29), more than 15 years of exposure (n = 31), and control group (n = 49). For the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate was recorded beat-to-beat for 20 min in the sitting position. The RR intervals were transformed into geometric indexes, and from them, we calculated the RRTri (triangular index), TINN (triangle interpolation of histogram of intervals NN), and Poincaré plot (SD1, SD2, and SD1/SD2). Significantly lower values were observed in the group of individuals exposed to air pollution for more than 15 years compared with the group of individuals exposed to air pollution for a period of 0-15 years and those not exposed for the RRTri (11.5 vs 13.8 vs 14.0), SD1 (16.4 vs 20.5 vs 20.6), SD2 (60.5 vs 68.1 vs 72.5), and SD1/SD2 (0.27 vs 0.34 vs 0.31), with the effect of this difference being considered large (RRTri), medium (SD1, SD1/SD2), and small (SD2). TINN was not significantly different among groups (198.2 vs 223.1 vs 233.6). Healthy individuals exposed to air pollution for more than 15 years present an autonomic imbalance, characterized by lower parasympathetic modulation and overall HRV.

Análise da modulação autonômica cardíaca e função pulmonar em crianças que vivem em áreas expostas à poluição atmosférica / Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation and lung function in children residing in areas exposed to atmospheric pollution

Introdução: A exposição à poluição do ar é descrita como prejudicial à saúde, dentre seus efeitos deletérios estão a disfunção autonômica cardíaca e a disfunção pulmonar. A associação da poluição do ar com morbimortalidade por doenças cardiorrespiratórias em centros urbanos tem se destacado como problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Avaliar a modulação autonômica do ritmo cardíaco e a função pulmonar de escolares que vivem em área exposta à poluição atmosférica Método: Estudo transversal realizado com 143 escolares com idade variando de 8 a 11 anos divididos em dois grupos: (1) escolares residentes em ambiente com alta exposição à poluição atmosférica (n=77) e (2) escolares residentes em ambiente com baixa exposição (n=66). Foram coletados os dados de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em repouso e em seguida foi realizado o teste de espirometria. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial mediante pressupostos estatísticos e o programa estatístico utilizado foi o Stata versão 12.0. Resultados: Os escolares de Cubatão expostos às altas concentrações de poluição atmosférica apresentaram medianas significantemente menores para os índices da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca que representa o sistema nervoso parassimpático: RMSSD: 33,4 (IC95%: 29,9 - 35,9) vs 35,0 (IC95%: 32,4; 40,8) , p=0,021; HF(ms²): 515 (IC95%: 398,3 - 730,6) vs 692 (IC95%: 548,5; 847,7) , p=0,020 e SD1: 23,6 (IC95%: 21,2 - 25,4) vs 24,8 (IC95%: 22,9; 28,9), p=0,023 quando comparadas com o grupo com baixa exposição da cidade de Peruíbe. Em relação à função pulmonar, foram verificados valores menores para a porcentagem do previsto dos índices entre os escolares expostos a altas concentrações (Cubatão) de poluição atmosférica: CVF: 86 (IC95%: 83,00 - 89,62) vs 92,50 (IC95%: 89,00; 95,00), p=0,005; VEF1: 85 (IC95%: 82,00 - 88,62) vs 90,50 (87,60; 95,00), p=0,004; FEF25-75: 90 (IC95%: 82,37 - 93,00) vs 97,00 (IC95%: 91,00; 101,00), p=0,008 em comparação àqueles dos escolares com baixa exposição (Peruíbe). Além disso, houve associação significante entre os níveis de poluentes com a VFC: valores diários de O3 com SDNN 0,25 (IC95%: 0,02; 0,47); SO2 com LF (u.n) 0,68 (IC95%: 0,10; 1,27) ; HF (u.n) -0,68 (-1,27; -0,11); para a média móvel de 2 dias de MP10 com SDNN -0,59 (IC95%: -1,10; -0,07) ; SO2 com LF (u.n) 0,67 (IC95%: 0,07; 1,26), HF (u.n) -0,67 (IC95%: -1,26; -0,07) e LF/HF 0,08 (IC95%: 0,02; 0,14) e a média móvel de 3 dias de MP10 com SDNN -0,94 (IC95%: -1,72; -0,15), SO2 com LF (u.n) 1,29 (IC95%: 0,38; 2,21) HF (u.n) -1,29 (IC95%: -2,21; -0,38) e LF/HF 0,15 (IC95%: 0,06; 0,25) e O3 com LF/HF 0,03 (IC95%: 0,004; 0,06) e relação significante dos níveis de poluentes com índices espirométricos: valores diários de NO2 com VEF1 -0,23 (IC95%: -0,43; -0,03)e FEF25%-75% -0,30 (IC95%: -0,58; -0,03) e valores de média móvel de 2 dias de O3 com FEF25%-75% 0,57 (IC95%: 0,06; 1,08). Conclusão: Os escolares residentes no ambiente de alta exposição à poluição atmosférica apresentaram menor variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e valores percentuais da função pulmonar quando comparados com os escolares residentes em ambiente de baixa exposição à poluição.

Introduction: Air pollution exposure is described as harmful to health, among its deleterious effects are cardiac autonomic dysfunction and pulmonary dysfunction. The association of air pollution with morbidity and mortality due to cardiorespiratory diseases in urban centers has been highlighted as a public health problem. Objective: To evaluate the autonomic modulation of the heart rate and lung function of students who live in areas exposed to atmospheric pollution. Method: Cross sectional study conducted with 143 children with ages ranging from 8 to 11 years divided into two groups: (1) students living in an environment with high exposure to air pollution (n = 77) and (2) students living in an environment with low exposure (n = 66). Data on heart rate variability at rest were collected and then the spirometry test was performed. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using statistical assumptions and the statistical program used was Stata version 12.0. Results: Students Cubatão exposed to high concentrations of air pollution had significantly lower medians for HRV indexes Heart Rate Variability that represents the parasympathetic nervous system: RMSSD: 33.4 (95%CI: 29.9 - 35.9) vs 35.0 (95%CI 32.4; 40.8), p=0.021; HF (ms²): 515 (95%CI: 398.3 - 730.6) vs 692 (95%CI: 548.5; 847.7), p=0.020 and SD1: 23.6 (95%CI: 21.2 - 25.4) vs 24.8 (95%CI: 22.9; 28.9), p=0.023 when compared with the low exposure group. Regarding pulmonary function, lower values were found for the predicted percentage of indices among students exposed to high concentrations of air pollution: FVC: 86 (95%CI: 83.00 - 89.62) vs 92.50 (95%CI: 89.00; 95.00), p=0.005; FEV1: 85 (95%CI: 82.00 - 88.62), p=0.004; FEF25-75%: 90 (95%CI: 82.37 - 93.00), p=0.008 when compared with those students with low exposure in Peruíbe city. In addition, there was a significant association between pollutant levels with HRV: daily values of O3 with SDNN 0,25 (95%CI: 0,02; 0,47); and SO2 with LF (n.u) 0,68 (95%CI: 0,10; 1,27) ; and HF (n.u) 0,68 (-1,27; -0,11) for the 2-day moving average of PM10 with SDNN SDNN -0,59 (95%CI: -1,10; -0,07) and SO2 with LF (n.u) 0,67 (IC95%: 0,07; 1,26),, HF (n.u) -0,67 (IC95%: -1,26; -0,07) and LF/HF0,08 (95%CI: 0,02; 0,14) and the 3-day moving average of PM10 with SDNN -0,94 (IC95%: -1,72; -0,15), SO2 with LF (n.u) 1,29 (95%CI: 0,38; 2,21), HF (n.u) -1,29 (95%CI: -2,21; -0,38) and LF/HF 0,15 (95%CI: 0,06; 0,25); and O3 with LF/HF 0,03 (95%CI: 0,004; 0,06) and significant relationship of pollutant levels with spirometric indices, daily NO2 values with FEV1-0,23 (95%CI: -0,43; -0,03) and FEF25-75% -0,30 (95%CI: -0,58; -0,03) and 2-day moving average values of O3 with FEF25-75% 0,57 (95%CI: 0,06; 1,08). Conclusion: The students living in the environment with high exposure to atmospheric pollution had lower heart rate variability and percentage values pulmonary function when compared with the students living in the environment with low pollution exposure.

Decline in Stroke Mortality Between 1997 and 2012 by Sex: Ecological Study in Brazilians Aged 15 to 49 Years.

This study aimed to analyse the time trends of stroke mortality between 1997 and 2012 according to sex in Brazilians aged 15 to 49 years. This ecological study used data obtained from the Mortality Information System, which is available from the National Health System Department of Informatics - DATASUS and maintained by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Stroke definition included International Classification of Disease version 10 (ICD-10) codes I60, I61, I63, and I64. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated per 100,000 inhabitants and stratified by age, region, year, and sex. Linear regression models were used to analyse the time trends with a confidence level of 95%. The statistical program used was Stata 11.0. Between 1997 and 2012, there were 124,866 deaths due to stroke in Brazilians aged 15 to 49 years. There was a decreasing linear trend in stroke mortality among men (ß = -0.46, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.95) and women (ß = -0.40, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.98) during this period. Overall there was no significant difference in stroke mortality trends by sex, except with respect to the age group of 40 to 49 years where there was a difference in the decrease of stroke mortality between men and women (interaction sex * year: ß = 0.238, p = 0.012, R² = 0.96). Mortality rates decrease significantly over time in men and women in the age group 15 to 49 years old, but there is only significant difference in the decrease of rates by sex only in the age group from 40 to 49 years old.

Effect of ductus deferens lavage on the time to achieve azoospermia in patients undergoing vasectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of normal saline lavage of the distal vas deferens ampulla in patients undergoing vasectomy on the time to achieve azoospermia. METHODS: A prospective randomized study of 60 men divided into two groups, group lavage (GL, n=30) in which distal vas deferens ampulla lavage was performed with 10 ml of normal saline during the vasectomy, and group without lavage (GWL, n=30) in which control patients received only a vasectomy. The patients provided sperm for semen analysis at the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th ejaculations. RESULTS: Fifteen participants in GL and 16 in GWL, for a total of 31 patients, were excluded due to not completing the control spermiogram. The tests carried out at the five ejaculations showed immobile spermatozoa in 40 and 85.71%, 66.67 and 78.57%, 93.33 and 85.71%, 86.67 and 71.43%, and 93.33 and 85.71% of participants in GL and GWL, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vas deferens duct lavage with 10 ml of normal saline during vasectomy did not decrease the time required to achieve postoperative azoospermia.

Patient-Reported and Performance Outcomes Significantly Improved in Elderly Patients with Vestibular Impairment following Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of a vestibular rehabilitation (VR) program in the timed up and go (TUG), gait speed (GS), and dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) scores for elderly vestibular patients in a developing country. METHODS: Descriptive study with retrospective data collected from the clinical records of vestibular patients. The following information was recorded: sex, age, type of vestibular disorder, DHI score, and performance in TUG and GS, before and after participation in a VR program taking place from January 1 to August 30, 2017. The VR program consisted of 10 twice weekly sessions in the clinic and daily exercises at the patient's home. We used Student's t-test for paired and Wilcoxon's test according to the data distribution. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: Data from 57 patients (49 females; 78 ± 5.8 years old) were used. There were statistically significant differences in TUG (12.52 versus 11.56), GS (0.81 versus 0.90 m/s), DHI total handicap (46 versus 24), physical (14 versus 8), emotional (14 versus 6), and functional (18 versus 12) domains. CONCLUSION: The functional outcome measures reported, including TUG, gait speed, and DHI, reflect statistically significant improvements in elderly patients after vestibular rehabilitation; the DHI improvements are clinically relevant.

Heart Rate Variability and Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic recessive disorder with progressive muscle weakness. Despite the general muscle wasting, degeneration and necrosis of cardiomyocytes have been the main causes of morbidity and death in individuals with DMD. Cardiac failure is generally preceded by disturbances in heart rate variability (HRV), and non-invasive measurement of the autonomic nervous system has been an important tool to predict adverse cardiovascular events. Hence, the application of HRV to study autonomic modulation in DMD individuals, and the establishment of correlations between HRV and heart/lung diseases, age, and mortality will have the potential to improve quality of life and life expectancy of individuals with DMD. In order to evaluate the state of the art in this field, we conducted a systematic search in Medline/PubMed and BVS (virtual library in health) databases. We selected 8 studies using pre-defined criteria and meta-analysis revealed decreased parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic predominance in individuals with DMD as major observations. Moreover, there is a strong association between diminished HRV and myocardial fibrosis with DMD. These patterns are evident in patients at early-stage DMD and become more prominent as disease severity and age increase. Thus, data minning clearly indicates that HRV assessment can be used as a predictor for sudden death in individuals with DMD. The use of the HRV, which is inexpensive, ubiquitously available in clinics and hospitals, and a non-invasive analysis tool, can save lives and decrease the morbity in DMD by alerting care givers to consider autonomic nervous system intervention.

Effect of ductus deferens lavage on the time to achieve azoospermia in patients undergoing vasectomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of normal saline lavage of the distal vas deferens ampulla in patients undergoing vasectomy on the time to achieve azoospermia. METHODS: A prospective randomized study of 60 men divided into two groups, group lavage (GL, n=30) in which distal vas deferens ampulla lavage was performed with 10 ml of normal saline during the vasectomy, and group without lavage (GWL, n=30) in which control patients received only a vasectomy. The patients provided sperm for semen analysis at the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th ejaculations. RESULTS: Fifteen participants in GL and 16 in GWL, for a total of 31 patients, were excluded due to not completing the control spermiogram. The tests carried out at the five ejaculations showed immobile spermatozoa in 40 and 85.71%, 66.67 and 78.57%, 93.33 and 85.71%, 86.67 and 71.43%, and 93.33 and 85.71% of participants in GL and GWL, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vas deferens duct lavage with 10 ml of normal saline during vasectomy did not decrease the time required to achieve postoperative azoospermia.

Trends in Stroke-Related Mortality in the ABC Region, São Paulo, Brazil: An Ecological Study Between 1997 and 2012.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of physical disability in the world, with a high burden of morbidity and mortality, but it has been shown a reduction in mortality worldwide over the past two decades, especially in regions with higher income. OBJECTIVE: The study analyzed the temporal trend and the factors associated with stroke-related mortality in the cities that make up the ABC region of São Paulo (Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, and Rio Grande da Serra), in comparison to data from the capital city of São Paulo, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: This was an ecological study conducted in 2017 using data from 1997 to 2012. Data were collected in 2017 from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (DATASUS), where the Mortality Information System (SIM/SUS) was accessed. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the temporal trend of stroke-related mortality according to sex, stroke subtypes, and regions. The confidence level adopted was 95%. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the mortality rates stratified according to sex, age groups above 15 years, and subtypes of stroke. Mortality from hemorrhagic and non-specified stroke decreased in all regions. However, a significant reduction in ischemic stroke-related mortality was observed only in the ABC region and in Brazil. CONCLUSION: The ABC region showed greater mortality due to stroke in males, the age group above 49 years, and non-specified stroke between 1997 and 2012.

Pre and postoperative analgesia for orthopedic surgeries / Analgesia dos períodos pré e pós-operatório em cirurgias ortopédicas

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Pain is frequent in wards and impairs patients’ treatment and recovery, especially orthopedic patients. So, this study aimed at evaluating pre and postoperative analgesic adequacy in patients submitted to orthopedic surgeries, and at looking for possible variables predicting the analgesic adequacy of such patients in both moments.METHODS:This is a quasi-experimental study with two groups, orthopedic pre and postoperative periods, carried out through structured interview, physical evaluation and medical record analysis, in the Surgical Clinic of the Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Itajuba/MG, developed with patients in the pre and postoperative periods of orthopedic surgery.RESULTS:Participated in the study 31 patients, all of them with medical prescription of some analgesic drug, being weak opioids those most frequently prescribed in 84% of preoperative cases, increasing to 87% in the postoperative period; 39% had no preoperative pain, decreasing to 36% in the postoperative period. On the other hand, 39% of patients had moderate to severe pain in the preoperative period, increasing to 45% in the postoperative period, being that 74% had analgesic adequacy in the preoperative period, increasing to 81% in the postoperative period.CONCLUSION:Most patients of this study had adequate analgesia in the pre and postoperative periods of orthopedic surgery. In our sample, selected variables have not adequately predicted analgesic adequacy in both moments of the orthopedic surgery.

RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS:A dor é comum nas enfermarias e dificulta o tratamento e a recuperação dos pacientes, principalmente ortopédicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adequação da analgesia em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas, no pré e pós-operatório, e verificar possíveis variáveis preditoras da adequação analgésica desses pacientes nos dois momentos.MÉTODOS:Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental com dois grupos, pré e pós-operatório ortopédico, realizado através de entrevista estruturada, exame físico e análise de prontuário, na Clínica Cirúrgica do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Itajubá/MG, desenvolvido com pacientes no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia ortopédica.RESULTADOS:Foram avaliados 31 pacientes, todos tinham prescrição médica de algum fármaco analgésico, sendo o opioide fraco o mais prescrito em 84% dos casos no pré-operatório passando para 87% no pós-operatório; 39% não apresentavam dor no pré-operatório, diminuindo para 36% no pós-operatório. Por outro lado, 39% dos pacientes apresentaram dor moderada a intensa no pré-operatório, aumentando para 45% no período pós-operatório, 74% apresentaram adequação analgésica no pré-operatório, aumentando para 81% no pós-operatório.CONCLUSÃO:A maior parte dos pacientes desta pesquisa tinha adequação analgésica no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia ortopédica. Na amostra estudada, as variáveis selecionadas não apresentaram predição da adequação analgésica nos dois momentos da cirurgia ortopédica.

Conhecimento de estudantes de graduação em ciências da saúde em testes objetivos sobre suporte básico de vida / Knowledge of health sciences undergraduate students in objective tests on basic life support

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a serious public health problem and represents one of the leading causes of death in the world. In emergency situations the assessment of the victim and care must be effective, to reduce negative outcomes and to increase the survival rate OBJECTIVE: To analyze graduation students in the Health Sciences through objective testing on Basic Life Support (BLS METHODS: This is a descriptive, observational and cross sectional study, performed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of 664 graduation students in Medicine, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Nutrition and Occupational Therapy. Data collection occurred through an instrument in the form of objective tests based on the guidelines for Basic Life Support from the American Heart Association. For analysis the Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The adopted confidence level was 95%. The statistical program used was Stata 11.0 RESULT: There was found to be a prevalence of students who were female (82.23%), single (77.56%), on the physiotherapy course (53.16%), in the freshmen year (32.2%) with previous training (54.45%) and with a median age of 22 years old. When the association between the scores was analyzed according to sex, marital status, previous training, course and year of study, the relation between the number of correct answers and previous training, course and year of study showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001 CONCLUSION: 99.9% of subjects had lower score than the minimum score of 84% of Americam Heart Association, which characterizes insufficient knowledge about the basic support of life theme. Thus, there is need for continued training of health sciences students on the subject, at the undergraduate level...

A Parada Cardíaca Súbita (PCR) é um grave problema de saúde pública e constitui-se em uma das principais causas de morte no mundo. Em situações de emergência a avaliação da vítima e seu atendimento devem ser eficazes, permitindo a redução de sequelas e o aumento da sobrevida. : Analisar o conhecimento de estudantes de graduação em ciências da saúde em testes objetivos sobre suporte básico de vida (SBV MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A população do estudo foi constituída por alunos de graduação dos cursos de Medicina, Enfermagem, Fisioterapia, Farmácia, Nutrição e Terapia Ocupacional. A coleta de dados se deu através de um instrumento na forma de questionário de testes objetivos baseado nos Guidelines de atendimento para Suporte Básico de Vida da American Heart Association. Para análise utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, de Qui-quadrado, Mann- Whitney e o Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de confiança adotado foi de 95%. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o Stata 11.0 RESULTADO: Houve prevalência do sexo feminino (82,23%), com estado civil solteiro (77,56%), do curso de fisioterapia (53,16%), do 1º ano (32,2%) e com treinamento prévio dos indivíduos (54,45%) e mediana de idade de 22 anos. Quando da associação entre o número de acertos segundo sexo, estado civil, treinamento prévio, curso e ano de formação, evidenciou-se a relação de número de acertos e as variáveis treinamento prévio, curso e ano de formação apresentando diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,001 CONCLUSÃO: 99,9% dos indivíduos obtiveram nota menor que o escore mínimo de 84% da Americam Heart Association, o que caracteriza conhecimento insuficiente sobre a temática suporte básico de vida. Assim, há necessidade de treinamento continuado dos estudantes de Ciências da Saúde sobre o tema, em nível de graduação...

Knowledge of health sciences undergraduate students in objective tests on basic life support / Conhecimento de estudantes de graduação em ciências da saúde em testes objetivos sobre suporte básico de vida

INTRODUCTION: Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a serious public health problem and represents one of the leading causes of death in the world. In emergency situations the assessment of the victim and care must be effective, to reduce negative outcomes and to increase the survival rate OBJECTIVE: To analyze graduation students in the Health Sciences through objective testing on Basic Life Support (BLS METHODS: This is a descriptive, observational and cross sectional study, performed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of 664 graduation students in Medicine, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Nutrition and Occupational Therapy. Data collection occurred through an instrument in the form of objective tests based on the guidelines for Basic Life Support from the American Heart Association. For analysis the Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The adopted confidence level was 95%. The statistical program used was Stata 11.0 RESULT: There was found to be a prevalence of students who were female (82.23%), single (77.56%), on the physiotherapy course (53.16%), in the freshmen year (32.2%) with previous training (54.45%) and with a median age of 22 years old. When the association between the scores was analyzed according to sex, marital status, previous training, course and year of study, the relation between the number of correct answers and previous training, course and year of study showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001 CONCLUSION: 99.9% of subjects had lower score than the minimum score of 84% of Americam Heart Association, which characterizes insufficient knowledge about the basic support of life theme. Thus, there is need for continued training of health sciences students on the subject, at the undergraduate level.(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: A Parada Cardíaca Súbita (PCR) é um grave problema de saúde pública e constitui-se em uma das principais causas de morte no mundo. Em situações de emergência a avaliação da vítima e seu atendimento devem ser eficazes, permitindo a redução de sequelas e o aumento da sobrevida. : Analisar o conhecimento de estudantes de graduação em ciências da saúde em testes objetivos sobre suporte básico de vida (SBV MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A população do estudo foi constituída por alunos de graduação dos cursos de Medicina, Enfermagem, Fisioterapia, Farmácia, Nutrição e Terapia Ocupacional. A coleta de dados se deu através de um instrumento na forma de questionário de testes objetivos baseado nos Guidelines de atendimento para Suporte Básico de Vida da American Heart Association. Para análise utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, de Qui-quadrado, Mann- Whitney e o Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de confiança adotado foi de 95%. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o Stata 11.0 RESULTADO: Houve prevalência do sexo feminino (82,23%), com estado civil solteiro (77,56%), do curso de fisioterapia (53,16%), do 1º ano (32,2%) e com treinamento prévio dos indivíduos (54,45%) e mediana de idade de 22 anos. Quando da associação entre o número de acertos segundo sexo, estado civil, treinamento prévio, curso e ano de formação, evidenciou-se a relação de número de acertos e as variáveis treinamento prévio, curso e ano de formação apresentando diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,001 CONCLUSÃO: 99,9% dos indivíduos obtiveram nota menor que o escore mínimo de 84% da Americam Heart Association, o que caracteriza conhecimento insuficiente sobre a temática suporte básico de vida. Assim, há necessidade de treinamento continuado dos estudantes de Ciências da Saúde sobre o tema, em nível de graduação.(AU)

Factors associated to late-term abortion after rape: literature review / Fatores associados ao aborto tardio após estupro: revisão de literatura

Introduction: The risk factors for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases after the forced and unprotected sex are well known. Objective: We aimed to investigate direct and indirect factors associated to the late-term abortion after rape. Method: A search was performed in Medline, SciELO, LILACS and The Cochrane Library using the intersection between the keywords “rape or sex offenses”, “pregnancy”, “abortion”, including indexed articles published between 2009 and 2014. Results: The selected studies demonstrated that it lacks in the literature studies which analyze factors directly related to late-term abortion in cases of rape, only indirect aspects. Conclusion: Indirect evidences showed how different policies and proceedings can contribute to avoid a late-term and unsafe abortion: sexuality and reproductive health education, ending rape impunity and decriminalizing abortion, improving access to safe early abortions by removing unnecessary legal and regulatory restrictions, exchanging information to optimize processes and procedures, prioritizing the interests of the victim, better enabling teams in health services, and the prevention of pregnancy and STI, including HIV infection.

Introdução: Os fatores de risco para gravidez indesejada e doenças sexualmente transmissíveisapós sexo forçado e desprotegido são bem conhecidos. Objetivo: Identificar fatores diretos e indiretos associados ao aborto tardio após estupro. Método: Foi realizada busca nas bases Medline, SciELO, LILACS e The Cochrane Librarycom os descritores “rape or sex offences”, “pregnancy”, “abortion”, incluindo artigos indexados publicados entre 2009 e 2014. Resultados: Foram selecionados sete estudos, os quais apresentam somente aspectos indiretos,ainda que atendam os critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: Evidências indiretas mostraram como diferentes políticas e procedimentos podem contribuir para evitar aborto tardio e inseguro: educação em saúde reprodutiva e sexualidade, término da impunidade do estupro e descriminalização do aborto, melhorano acesso ao aborto precoce seguro removendo-se restrições regulatórias e legais desnecessárias, maior troca de informações para otimizar processos e procedimentos, priorizando os interesses da vítima, além de melhor capacitação das equipes nos serviços desaúde e a prevenção da gravidez e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, incluindo a infecção por HIV.