Association among 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype, and cardiometabolic markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus from regions with high solar incidence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D status and hypertriglyceridemic-waist (HTW) phenotype and cardiometabolic markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) living in regions with high solar incidence (10° south). METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study, with 122 individuals with T2DM, of both sexes, aged between 19 and 59 years, residing in Sergipe/Brazil. Measurements included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triacylglycerols, blood pressure, body mass index, %body fat, and waist circumference. Participants were classified by the presence or absence of the HTW phenotype, according to increased waist circumference and triacylglycerols concentrations. Logistic and linear regression models were applied to verify the association among the concentration of 25(OH)D, HTW phenotype, and lipid profile variables. RESULTS: Triacylglycerols concentrations (p = .013) and %body fat (p = .011) were higher in women with serum 25(OH)D insufficient/deficient than in those with adequate 25(OH)D levels. Individuals with serum 25(OH)D insufficiency/deficiency were 2.595 times more likely to present the HTW phenotype than those with adequate 25(OH)D levels (p = .021). Additionally, a negative association was observed between the concentration of 25(OH)D and total cholesterol (Beta = -0.204, p = .049). CONCLUSION: Insufficiency/deficiency of serum 25(OH)D in individuals with T2DM increases the chances of developing the HTW phenotype.

Chemical diversity and antifouling activity of geniculate calcareous algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil.

Marine biofouling is a natural process by which many organisms colonize and grow in submerged structures, causing serious economic consequences for the maritime industry. Geniculate calcareous algae (GCA; Corallinales, Rhodophyta) produce bioactive secondary metabolites and are a promise for new antifouling compounds. Here, we investigated the antifouling activity of four GCA species-Amphiroa beauvoisii, Jania sagittata (formerly Cheilosporum sagittatum), Jania crassa, and Jania prolifera (formerly Amphiroa flabellata)-from the Brazilian coast against macro- and microorganisms. Simultaneously, metabolomic tools were applied to assess the chemical profiles of these seaweeds using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data analysis by principal component and molecular networking analyses used the global natural products social molecular networking platform (GNPS). Our results showed that all extracts were active against different strains of marine bacteria and that the J. sagittata (JsSI) extract showed the highest percentage of bacterial inhibition. The J. sagittata (JsSI) extract was the most active against the mussel Perna perna, showing 100% byssus inhibition. Regarding toxicity, only the J. crassa (JcP) extract showed a 20% mortality rate. The chemical profiles of the evaluated GCA extracts differed qualitatively and quantitatively. Yet, the steroid (3ß)-cholest-5-en-3-ol was the major compound commonly identified in all extracts, with the exception of J. sagittata (JsSI). Moreover, we observed intra- and interspecific chemical variabilities among GCA extracts for the different populations, which could explain their antifouling activity variability. This study contributed new information about the chemical compounds produced by this group of seaweeds and showed its antifouling potential. These GCA species may be the subject of future studies to obtain new bioactive compounds with biotechnological potential in maritime areas.

Magnesium Status and Dietary Patterns Associated with Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Hypomagnesemia and unhealthy eating patterns are associated with poor glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to associate magnesium status and dietary patterns with glycemic control in T2DM individuals. This cross-sectional study included 147 individuals with T2DM, aged between 19 and 59 years, of both sexes, residents in Sergipe/Brazil. The BMI, waist circumference, %body fat, plasma magnesium, serum glucose, insulin, %HbA1c, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and HDL-c were analyzed. Eating patterns were identified using a 24-h recall method. Logistic regression models were used to verify the association of magnesium status and dietary patterns with markers of glycemic control by adjusting for sex, age, time of T2DM diagnosis, and BMI. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Magnesium deficiency increased the chance of elevated %HbA1c by 5.893-fold (P = 0.041). Three main dietary patterns were identified: mixed (MDP), unhealthy (UDP), and healthy (HDP). UDP also increased the chance of elevated %HbA1c levels (P = 0.034). T2DM individuals' who presented magnesium deficiency had a higher chance of elevated %HbA1c levels (8.312-fold) and those in the lowest quartile (Q) of the UDP (Q1: P = 0.007; Q2: P = 0.043) had a lower chance of elevated %HbA1c levels. However, the lower quartiles of the HDP were associated with a greater chance of alterations in the %HbA1c level (Q1: P = 0.050; Q2: P = 0.044). No association was observed between MDP and the variables studied. Magnesium deficiency and UDP were associated with a higher chance of inadequate glycemic control in T2DM individuals.

Association between phase angle of bioelectrical impedance analysis and nutritional parameters in older adults

INTRODUCTION: Phase angle (PhA) is a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameter representing an indicator of cellular health and has been suggested as a biomarker of nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between PhA and nutritional parameters in older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults. Body mass index (BMI), arm muscle circumference (AMC), calf circumference (CC), body fat percentage (BF%), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), serum albumin, mini-nutritional assessment (MNA), and PhA were assessed. Kolmogorov­Smirnov test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, chi-square test, and Poisson regression models were performed. RESULTS: 144 participants were included in the study, and most of them were female, aged ≥80 years, and underweight. Most older adults with lower PhA were women, aged range 80­89 years, and with reduced ASMM (p<0.05). PhA presented a significant correlation with age (r=­0.417; p<0.001), ASMM (r=0.427; p<0.001), AMC (r=0.195; p=0.019) and BF% (r=­0.223; p=0.007). Older adults with lower PhA present reduced ASMM (PR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.04­1.50), and hypoalbuminemia (PR: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.11­2.03). CONCLUSION: PhA is related to commonly nutritional indicators used in clinical practice and could be an important biomarker of muscle mass reserves in community-living older adults of both sexes.

Association of adductor pollicis muscle thickness and anthropometric indicators in community older adults / Associação da espessura do músculo adutor do polegar e indicadores antropométricos em idosos da comunidade

INTRODUCTION: The measurement of the adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) has been investigated as an index for muscle mass and undernutrition. OBJECTIVE: However, there are few studies related to community-living older adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with community-dwelling older adults, of both sexes. The APMT, the body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), and calf circumference (CC) were evaluated. For APMT classification, the 25th percentile value (P25 ≤9 mm) of the sample was considered to identify muscle mass deficit. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and Poisson regression were performed, with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Among men, APMT showed a correlation with AC (r=0.350; p<0.01), and among women it was with BMI (r=0.337; p=0.01). There was an association between the BMI classification and the APMT percentile (p=0.020). Older adults with BMI<23 kg/m² were 1.28 times more likely to have APMT≤P25 (p=0.007) and older adults with adequate BMI were 1.23 times more likely (p=0.023). Older adults with reduced CC have a 1.18 times more chance of presenting APMT≤P25 (p=0.064). CONCLUSION: APMT has been associated with BMI in older adults, proving to be a good parameter for the assessment of malnutrition.

INTRODUÇÃO: A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (EMAP) tem sido sugerido como um índice de massa muscular e desnutrição. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação da EMAP com indicadores antropométricos convencionais em idosos da comunidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 159 idosos da comunidade, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 70,9±29,4 anos. Foram avaliados a EMAP, o índice de massa corporal (IMC), as circunferências do braço (CB), muscular do braço (CMB) e da panturrilha (CP). Para classificação da EMAP se considerou o valor do percentil 25 (P25≤9 mm) da amostra para identificar déficit de massa muscular. Teste Qui-quadrado, Correlação de Pearson e Regressão de Poisson foram realizados, sendo adotado um nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Entre os homens, a EMAP apresentou correlação com a CB (r=0,350; p<0,01) e entre as mulheres foi com o IMC (r=0,337; p=0,01). Houve associação entre a classificação do IMC e o percentil da EMAP (p=0,020). Os idosos com IMC<23 kg/m² tinham 1,28 vezes mais chances de possuir EMAP≤P25 (p=0,007) e idosos com IMC adequado tinham 1,23 vezes mais chance (p=0,023). Idosos com CP reduzido apresentaram 1,18 vezes mais chance de apresentar EMAP≤P25 (p=0,064). Conclusão: A EMAP apresentou associação com o IMC em idosos, demostrando ser um bom parâmetro para a avaliação da desnutrição.

Determinação do index corporal de serpentes do gênero Bothrops

The Laboratory of Herpetology at Butantan Institute maintains approximately one thousand specimens of venomous snakes in its serpentarium, with the main purpose of producing immunobiologicals and for various basic and applied research. In order to obtain venom with good quality, it is essential the healthiness of all snakes.To monitor the health of snakes, hematological, biochemical and ultrasound exams areperformed. All snakes belonging to the serpentarium have an Individual Form, in whichthe monthly weight and the rostrum-cloacal length (RCL) and total length (TL) are noted, among other relevant observations. However, there is still difficulty in determining the ideal weight of different species of snakes in captivity. Some works report the use of palpation to assess the body condition of the snakes, giving a score ranging from 1 to 5, however this is a subjective method and requires physical restraintof the animal. Other works calculate the body index of snakes through formulas usingthe animal's mass; these formulas are usually extrapolated from mammals. In our work,we used the relationship between the mass and the CRC of several individuals recentlyarrived from nature and healthy, from the five species of Bothrops used for the production of Bothropic antiserum. We used male and female snakes of the species Bothrops jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. neuwiedi Complex, B. moojeni and B. alternatus.Through the linear regression obtained by the natural log of CRC and the natural log of mass, an equation with significant p and r2 values for all studied species was generated. With the aid of this equation, it was possible to determine the estimated weight, the minimum weight and the maximum weight of the five different species and,in this way, monitor the body condition of snakes kept in captivity through the mass and CRC recorded in the Individual Form. Only snakes under the minimum weight or above the maximum weight will be contained for clinical examination and appropriate treatment.

O Laboratório de Herpetologia do Instituto Butantan mantém em seu plantel aproximadamente mil espécimes de serpentes peçonhentas, tendo como principal finalidade a produção de imunobiológicos e a utilização para diversas pesquisas básicas e aplicadas. Para a obtenção de veneno de boa qualidade é fundamental queas serpentes estejam hígidas. Para monitorar a saúde das serpentes são realizados exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e ultrassonográficos. Todas as serpentes do biotério possuem uma Ficha Individual, em que são anotados o peso mensal e o comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) e comprimento total (CT) semestral, entre outras observações relevantes. Contudo, ainda existe dificuldade em se determinar qual o peso ideal das diferentes espécies de serpentes em cativeiro. Alguns trabalhos relatam o uso da palpação para avaliar a condição corporal da serpente, dando um escore que varia de 1 a 5, contudo este é um método subjetivo e que necessita a contenção física do animal. Outros trabalhos calculam o index corporal das serpentesatravés de fórmulas utilizando a massa do animal; fórmulas estas extrapoladas de mamíferos. No nosso trabalho utilizamos a relação entre a massa e o CRC de vários indivíduos recém-chegados da natureza e aparentemente saudáveis das cinco espécies de Bothrops utilizadas para a produção do soro antibotrópico. Foram utilizadas serpentes machos e fêmeas das espécies Bothrops jararaca, B.jararacussu,Complexo B. neuwiedi, B. moojeni e B. alternatus. Através da regressão linear obtida através do Log natural do CRC e Log natural da massa foi gerada uma equação da reta com valores de p e r2 significativos para todas as espécies estudadas.Com o auxílioda equação gerada neste estudo foi possível determinar o peso estimado, o peso mínimo e o peso máximo das diferentes espécies e, deste modo, monitorar a condiçãocorporal das serpentes mantidas em cativeiro através da massa e CRC anotados nas Fichas Individuais. Apenas as serpentes com pesos abaixo do peso mínimo ou acimado peso máximo serão contidas para o exame clínico e tratamento adequado.

Teaching of Clinical Reasoning Guided by Illness Script Theory. / Ensino do Raciocínio Clínico Orientado pela Teoria dos Scripts de Doenças.

BACKGROUND: Teaching of clinical reasoning (CR) can be facilitated by educational strategies guided by illness script theory. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of an educational strategy guided by illness script theory on the diagnostic accuracy of chest pain in medical students. METHODS: Experimental study in 3 phases, with 18 third-year medical students completing phase 3. Phases 1 and 2 had 27 students. In phase 1, each participant solved 8 clinical cases (6 of chest pain and 2 distractors). In phase 2, participants were divided into 2 groups, which distinctly trained 3 of the chest pain diagnoses from phase 1. In phase 3, after 1 week, each participant solved 8 new cases, with the same diagnoses as phase 1. Case resolution time and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated. The significance level adopted for statistical analysis was p < 0.05. RESULTS: In phase 3, both groups showed improved diagnostic accuracy and reduced case resolution time for the trained diagnoses, with no transfer of learning. For these diagnoses, the diagnostic accuracy scores in phases 1 and 3 were: group 1 = 1.00, IQR [0.00 to 1.00] versus 2.00, IQR [2.00 to 2.50], p = 0.017 and group 2 = 1.00, IQR [0.66 to 1.17] versus 3.00, IQR [1.33 to 3.00], p = 0.006. Case resolution times in seconds were: group 1: 485, IQR [450 to 583] versus 318, IQR [284 to 418], p = 0.027 and group 2: 655, IQR [543 to 740] versus 408, IQR [337 to 569], p = 0.010. CONCLUSION: The proposed strategy seems to contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy, and it may be considered for teaching CR.

FUNDAMENTO: O ensino do raciocínio clínico (RC) pode ser facilitado por estratégias educacionais orientadas pela teoria dos scripts de doenças (SD). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de uma estratégia educacional guiada pela teoria dos SD na acurácia diagnóstica (AD) da dor torácica (DT) em estudantes de medicina. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental em 3 fases, com 18 estudantes do 3º ano concluindo a fase 3, visto que as fases 1 e 2 tiveram 27 alunos. Na fase 1, cada participante resolveu 8 casos clínicos (6 de DT e 2 distratores). Na fase 2,os participantes foram divididos em 2 grupos, que treinaram distintamente 3 dos diagnósticos de DT da fase 1.Na fase 3, após uma semana, cada participante resolveu 8 novos casos, com os mesmos diagnósticos da fase 1.O tempo de resolução dos casos (TRC) e a AD foram avaliados. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Na fase 3, foram observadas melhora da AD e redução do TRC para os diagnósticos treinados em ambos os grupos, não ocorrendo transferência de aprendizagem. Para esses diagnósticos, os escores de AD nas fases 1 e 3 foram: grupo 1 = 1,00, IIQ [0,00-1,00] versus 2,00, IIQ [2,00-2,50]; p = 0,017 e grupo 2 = 1,00, IIQ [0,66-1,17] versus 3,00, IIQ [1,33-3,00]; p = 0,006. O TRC em segundos foram: Grupo 1: 485, IIQ [450-583] versus 318, IIQ [284-418]; p = 0,027 e grupo 2: 655, IIQ [543-740] versus 408, IIQ [337-569]; p = 0,010. CONCLUSÃO: A estratégia parece contribuir para melhora da AD e pode ser considerada para o ensino do RC.

Ensino do Raciocínio Clínico Orientado pela Teoria dos Scripts de Doenças / Teaching of Clinical Reasoning Guided by Illness Script Theory

Resumo Fundamento O ensino do raciocínio clínico (RC) pode ser facilitado por estratégias educacionais orientadas pela teoria dos scripts de doenças (SD). Objetivo Avaliar o efeito de uma estratégia educacional guiada pela teoria dos SD na acurácia diagnóstica (AD) da dor torácica (DT) em estudantes de medicina. Métodos Estudo experimental em 3 fases, com 18 estudantes do 3º ano concluindo a fase 3, visto que as fases 1 e 2 tiveram 27 alunos. Na fase 1, cada participante resolveu 8 casos clínicos (6 de DT e 2 distratores). Na fase 2,os participantes foram divididos em 2 grupos, que treinaram distintamente 3 dos diagnósticos de DT da fase 1.Na fase 3, após uma semana, cada participante resolveu 8 novos casos, com os mesmos diagnósticos da fase 1.O tempo de resolução dos casos (TRC) e a AD foram avaliados. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi p < 0,05. Resultados Na fase 3, foram observadas melhora da AD e redução do TRC para os diagnósticos treinados em ambos os grupos, não ocorrendo transferência de aprendizagem. Para esses diagnósticos, os escores de AD nas fases 1 e 3 foram: grupo 1 = 1,00, IIQ [0,00-1,00] versus 2,00, IIQ [2,00-2,50]; p = 0,017 e grupo 2 = 1,00, IIQ [0,66-1,17] versus 3,00, IIQ [1,33-3,00]; p = 0,006. O TRC em segundos foram: Grupo 1: 485, IIQ [450-583] versus 318, IIQ [284-418]; p = 0,027 e grupo 2: 655, IIQ [543-740] versus 408, IIQ [337-569]; p = 0,010. Conclusão A estratégia parece contribuir para melhora da AD e pode ser considerada para o ensino do RC.

Abstract Background Teaching of clinical reasoning (CR) can be facilitated by educational strategies guided by illness script theory. Objective To evaluate the effects of an educational strategy guided by illness script theory on the diagnostic accuracy of chest pain in medical students. Methods Experimental study in 3 phases, with 18 third-year medical students completing phase 3. Phases 1 and 2 had 27 students. In phase 1, each participant solved 8 clinical cases (6 of chest pain and 2 distractors). In phase 2, participants were divided into 2 groups, which distinctly trained 3 of the chest pain diagnoses from phase 1. In phase 3, after 1 week, each participant solved 8 new cases, with the same diagnoses as phase 1. Case resolution time and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated. The significance level adopted for statistical analysis was p < 0.05. Results In phase 3, both groups showed improved diagnostic accuracy and reduced case resolution time for the trained diagnoses, with no transfer of learning. For these diagnoses, the diagnostic accuracy scores in phases 1 and 3 were: group 1 = 1.00, IQR [0.00 to 1.00] versus 2.00, IQR [2.00 to 2.50], p = 0.017 and group 2 = 1.00, IQR [0.66 to 1.17] versus 3.00, IQR [1.33 to 3.00], p = 0.006. Case resolution times in seconds were: group 1: 485, IQR [450 to 583] versus 318, IQR [284 to 418], p = 0.027 and group 2: 655, IQR [543 to 740] versus 408, IQR [337 to 569], p = 0.010. Conclusion The proposed strategy seems to contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy, and it may be considered for teaching CR.

Birth-related and current factors associated with physical inactivity in the leisure time in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether biological and sociodemographic factors at birth and current factors are associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study with national coverage was conducted involving Brazilian adolescents 12 to 17 years of age in municipalities with more than 100 thousand residents. The sample consisted of 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Insufficient leisure-time physical activity was categorized based on total volume (<300 minutes/week = insufficiently active; >300 minutes/week = sufficiently active). Poisson regression models were used to assess associated factors. RESULTS: Most adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (54.8%; 95%CI: 53.7-55.9). The variables associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure were the female sex (70.4%; 95%CI: 68.8-71.9), age between 15 and 17 years (57.8%; 95%CI: 56.3-59.2), pertaining to the low or middle class (54.5%; 95%CI: 52.8-56.1), and not being overweight (55.9%; 95%CI: 54.6-57.1). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our hypothesis, birth related factors (e.g., low birth weight, preterm birth and exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age) are not associated with physical inactivity. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity during leisure was high among the adolescents evaluated and was associated with sociodemographic characteristics as well as nutritional status. It is necessary to implement strategies focused on physical activity at schools.

Associations between biological and behavioral factors in early life and food consumption in Brazilian adolescents: Results from the ERICA study.

The aim of the present study was to determine associations between biological and behavioral factors in early life and food consumption in Brazilian adolescents. The sample was composed of 36,956 adolescents (12-17 years of age) who participated in the "Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents". Sociodemographic, biological, and behavioral variables were collected using questionnaires self-administered by the adolescents. Early-life factors were assessed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/guardians of the adolescents. Dependent variables related to food consumption (total energy intake and percentages of macronutrient intake [carbohydrates, lipids and proteins]) were measured using the 24-hour recall method and compared to dietary reference intakes. Data analysis was performed with the aid of STATA 14.0, using multiple linear regression analysis with respective ß coefficients. The level of significance was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Adolescents born with low weight had lower energy intake (-94.8 kcal, 95%CI: -177.2; -12.3, p = 0.024) and 1.25% higher carbohydrate intake (95%CI: 0.15; 2.34, p = 0.025) compared to those born with adequate weight. Those who received exclusive breast breastfeeding for three to six months ingested 1.32% more lipids than those who received exclusive breast breastfeeding for less than three months (95%CI: 0.37; 2.26, p = 0.006). In conclusion, low birth weight was associated with lower energy intake and a higher percentage of carbohydrate intake, whereas breastfeeding three to six months was associated with a higher percentage of lipid intake.

Is it possible to use behavior characters for evolutionary reconstruction in marine invertebrates? A methodological approach using Ethokit Logger.

The use of behavioral data is quite common in studies of chordate animals and some groups of arthropods; however, these data are usually used in ecological and conservation studies. Their use remains uncommon in phylogenetic reconstructions, especially for non-model groups in behavioral studies. This study aims to evaluate the methodological use of behavioral (feeding process) data with EthoKit Logger in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the Cnidaria, a group in the so-called 'lower' Metazoa. The results indicate considerable cohesion with reconstructions based on molecular data available in previous studies. We therefore suggest that the use of behavioral characters can possible be a useful secondary tool or a proof test for molecular evolutionary reconstructions.

The use of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis for a nutritional evaluation of older adults in the community.

INTRODUCTION: The body composition of an older adult person is characterized by an increase in body fat, as well as by a reduction in both muscle mass and total body water. The bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) overcomes the limits imposed by bioelectrical impedance, since it only requires the resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) values, standardized by the individual's height, which makes the method more individualized and accurate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition using the BIVA of the community-living older adults, with regard to sex and body mass index (BMI) classification, and compare the results with the reference population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with the community-living older adults of both sexes. Bioimpedance was carried out and the R and Xc data analyzed, based on height, and plotted on RXc graphs. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-four older adults (n = 33 men; n = 111 women; mean age of 80.2 ± 9.2 years) participated in the study. Low weight (<23 kg/m2) was the most prevalent in BMI classification. The older adult women presented a higher average BMI, body fat percentage and R/Height values, while the older adult men presented a higher average for fat-free mass and the phase angle (p < 0.05). The older adult, regardless of their BMI, located in the right quadrant, indicated cachexia; those with low weight were dehydrated, and those with overweight (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) presented hyperhydration. CONCLUSION: The majority of the older adults with normal weight or overweight has impedance vectors indicating loss of muscle mass and water imbalance (dehydration or hyperhydration).

Percepções sobre intervenções grupais com homens autores de violência contra as mulheres / Percepciones sobre intervenciones grupales con hombres autores de violencia contra las mujeres / Perceptions about group interventions with men who are authors of violence against women

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as percepções sobre a participação em grupo reflexivo voltado a autores de violência contra as mulheres. Participaram 20 homens encaminhados pela vara de violência doméstica de uma região administrativa do Distrito Federal a um serviço voltado a essa clientela. A partir de entrevistas pré e pós-grupo e da análise pelo modelo bioecológico, o grupo apresentou-se como lugar de acolhimento e escuta para o homem, além de importante ferramenta na desconstrução de ideias legitimadoras da violência e de um modelo de masculinidade hegemônico, heteronormativo e rígido. O grupo mostrou-se importante na construção de novas formas de subjetivação, socialização e sociabilidade masculinas para possíveis ressignificações de suas trajetórias. Os homens perceberam a participação como positiva e notou-se mudanças nos discursos sobre violência, relações conjugais, Lei Maria da Penha e em relação ao próprio engajamento no grupo reflexivo.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las percepciones sobre la participación en grupo reflexivo para autores de violencia contra las mujeres. Participaron 20 hombres encaminados por la vara de violencia doméstica de una región administrativa del Distrito Federal a un servicio que atiende esa clientela. A partir de entrevistas pre y post-grupo y del análisis por el modelo bioecológico, el grupo se presentó como lugar de acogida y escucha para el hombre, además de importante herramienta en la deconstrucción de ideas legitimadoras de la violencia y de un modelo de masculinidad hegemónico, heteronormativo y rígido. El grupo se mostró importante en la construcción de nuevas formas de subjetivación, socialización y sociabilidad masculinas para posibles resignaciones de sus trayectorias. Los hombres percibieron la participación como positiva y se notaron cambios en los discursos sobre violencia, relaciones conyugales, Ley Maria da Penha y con relación al propio compromiso en el grupo reflexivo.

Abstract This study aimed to understand perceptions about the participation in a reflexive group directed to authors of violence against women. The participants were twenty men who were referred by the domestic violence court of an administrative district of the Federal District to a service directed to this clientele. From pre and post-group interviews and analysis by the bioecological perspective, the group presented itself as a place of reception and listening to men, as well as an important tool in the deconstruction of legitimizing ideas of violence and of a hegemonic, heteronormative and rigid model of masculinity. The group proved to be important in the construction of new forms of male subjectivation, socialization and sociability for possible reframing of their trajectories. The men perceived the participation as positive and there were changes in the discourses about violence, marital relationships, Maria da Penha Law and in relation to the engagement in the reflective group.

Importância do uso racional de medicamentos na administração de antibioticoterapia injetável / Importance of the rational use of medicines in the administration of injectable antibiotic therapy / Importancia del uso racional de medicamentos en la administración de antibioticoterapia inyectable

Introdução: Os antimicrobianos estão entre os fármacos mais prescritos atualmente em ambiente hospitalar, uma vez que de 25% a 35% dos pacientes hospitalizados recebem medicação antimicrobiana, tanto para indicações terapêuticas como profiláticas durante a internação. No entanto, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que mais de 50% das prescrições são inadequadas, tanto quanto à via de administração como na dose e duração do tratamento. Objetivo: Identificar possíveis falhas na prescrição de antimicrobianos injetáveis em um hospital-ensino do interior paulista quanto a informações referentes ao seu preparo, diluição e administração. Material e Método: Estudo desenvolvido na unidade de internação, após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foram analisados 240 prontuários de pacientes recebendo antibioticoterapia quanto à presença de informações referentes ao tipo de diluente, veículo e tempo de administração recomendadas para esses medicamentos, sendo 45,9% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 54,1% do sexo masculino. Resultados: Dentre as prescrições, 84% não apresentavam informações necessárias à reconstituição e diluição dos medicamentos e apenas 4% indicavam o tempo e a velocidade de administração dos mesmos. Quanto à prescrição guiada pelo antibiograma, apenas em 18,3% foi solicitada a realização do exame. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram a real necessidade de informações essenciais nas prescrições, pois a falta delas pode transformar-se em risco para o paciente, com consequências individuais e coletivas, pois além de afetarem o indivíduo em uso do medicamento, influenciam de maneira significativa a microbiota do ambiente hospitalar e contribuem para o aumento da resistência microbiana.(AU)

Introduction: Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed drugs currently in hospital environment, since 25% to 35% of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial medication, both for therapeutic indications and prophylactic during hospitalization. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 50% of prescriptions are inadequate, both in terms of route of administration and in terms of dose and duration of treatment. Objective: To identify possible flaws in the prescription of injectable antimicrobials in a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo, regarding information regarding its preparation, dilution and administration. Material and Method: Study developed in the hospital unit, after approval by the Research Ethics Committee. We analyzed 240 medical records of patients receiving antibiotic therapy regarding the presence of information regarding the type of diluent, vehicle and time of administration recommended for these medications, being 45.9% of the female patients and 54.1% of the male sex. Results: Among the prescriptions, 84% did not present information necessary for the reconstitution and dilution of the medicines and only 4% indicated the time and speed of administration. As for the prescription guided by the antibiogram, only in 18.3% the examination was requested. Conclusion: The results show the real need for essential information in the prescriptions, because the lack of them can become a risk for the patient, with individual and collective consequences, because in addition to affecting the individual in use of the medicine, significantly influence the microbiota of the hospital environment and contribute to the increase of microbial resistance.(AU)

Introducción: Antimicrobianos están entre los fármacos más prescritos actualmente en ambiente hospitalario, ya que del 25% al 35% de los pacientes hospitalizados reciben medicamentos antimicrobianos, tanto para indicaciones terapéuticas como profilácticas durante la internación. Sin embargo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que más del 50% de las prescripciones son inadecuadas, tanto en cuanto a la vía de administración como a la dosis y duración del tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar posibles fallas en la prescripción de antimicrobianos inyectables en un hospital-enseñanza del interior paulista en cuanto a informaciones referentes a su preparación, dilución y administración. Método: Estudio desarrollado en la unidad de internación, después de la aprobación por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Se analizaron 240 prontuarios de pacientes recibiendo antibioticoterapia en cuanto a la presencia de informaciones referentes al tipo de diluyente, vehículo y tiempo de administración recomendados para estos medicamentos, siendo el 45,9% de los pacientes del sexo femenino y el 54,1% del sexo masculino. Resultado: Entre las prescriciones, 84% no presentaban información necesaria para la reconstitución y dilución de los medicamentos y sólo el 4% indicaba el tiempo y la velocidad de administración de los mismos. En cuanto a la prescripción guiada por el antibiograma, sólo en el 18,3% se solicitó realizar el examen. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran la necesidad real de información esencial en las prescripciones, pues la falta de ellas puede transformarse en riesgo para el paciente, con consecuencias individuales y colectivas, pues además de afectar al individuo en uso del medicamento, influencian de manera significativa la microbiota del ambiente hospitalario y contribuyen al aumento de la resistencia microbiana.(AU)

Percepções de adolescentes sobre seu território: olhar ecológico para riscos e vulnerabilidades / Perceptions of adolescents about their territory: ecological look at risks and vulnerabilities / Percepciones de adolescentes sobre su territorio: mirada ecológica para riesgos y vulnerabilidades

O objetivo do estudo foi relatar uma atividade realizada por profissionais de um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) na identificação de fatores de risco presentes na vida de adolescentes acompanhados por um Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV). Inspirada no método Autofotográfico, a atividade lançou-se como um convite ao registro de espaços que representassem vulnerabilidades e riscos sociais. A análise foi pautada no Modelo Bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner. O exercício salientou a oportunidade de incentivar equipes a realizarem atividades como esta, e que envolvam outros temas (família, lazer, educação, por exemplo), a fim de se adentrar às leituras de mundo de adolescentes e ampliar seus repertórios quanto a fatores de risco/proteção, ratificando a importância de intervenções preventivas frente às demandas presentes.

The aim of the study was to report the experience of professionals of a Social Assistance Reference Center in the identification of risk factors present in the life of adolescents accompanied by a Service of Coexistence and Strengthening of Links. Inspired by the Auto-Photographic method, the activity launched to young people invited them to register spaces that represent vulnerabilities and social risks, discussing important demands based on their experiences and relationships. The analysis was based on the Bioecological Model of Bronfenbrenner. The exercise highlighted the opportunity to encourage teams to carry out activities like this, and involving other topics (family, leisure, education, for example), allowing a reading of the importance of the engagement of these adolescents when thinking about the present reality. This exercise contributed to the development and expansion of repertoires of abilities, ratifying the importance of preventive interventions.

El objetivo del estudio fue relatar la vivencia de profesionales de un Centro de Referencia de Asistencia Social en la identificación de factores de riesgo presentes en la vida de adolescentes acompañados por un Servicio de Convivencia y Fortalecimiento de Vínculos. Inspirada en el método Autofotográfico la actividad lanzada a los jóvenes hizo una invitación al registro de espacios que representasen vulnerabilidades y riesgos sociales, discutiendo importantes demandas a partir de sus vivencias y relaciones. El análisis fue pautado en el Modelo Bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner, posibilitando una lectura de la importancia del compromiso de estos adolescentes al pensar en la realidad presente. Este ejercicio contribuyó al desarrollo y ampliación de repertorios de habilidades, ratificando la importancia de intervenciones preventivas.

A formação de estudantes de medicina para o cuidado humanizado à gestante: uma abordagem socioclínica institucional / The training of medical students for humanized care for pregnant women: an institutional socioclinical approach

O estudo traz como objeto a formação dos alunos de Medicina em práticas do cuidado humanizado durante a gestação na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Assinala a necessidade da humanização da assistência ganhar maior visibilidade nas ações dos profissionais de saúde e nas práticas de aprendizagem dos alunos, com o objetivo de analisar, juntamente com os participantes, como são abordadas, durante a formação, as ações relativas ao cuidado humanizado a gestantes, buscando maior aproximação entre a teoria e a prática. É uma pesquisa intervenção com abordagem qualitativa, com referencial teórico metodológico da Análise Institucional (AI) na modalidade Socioclínica Institucional (SI) das práticas profissionais. Os dados foram produzidos mediante encontros com os participantes e um diário da pesquisadora, em 2018, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética (parecer 2.849.667). As atividades registradas no diário permitiram a análise das implicações da pesquisadora com as práticas de humanização e com as instituições que as atravessam. Os alunos acompanharam a pesquisadora em 04 atividades realizadas com as gestantes: consulta médica, visita domiciliar, participação em um grupo educativo e uma visita à maternidade. No final das atividades foram realizados os encontros socioclínicos institucionais para uma reflexão coletiva, e elaboração de uma proposta de ensino em Medicina. A leitura do material transcrito evidenciou as características da SI nas falas e no diário de campo, selecionando dois eixos de análise e um analisador. O primeiro eixo colocou em discussão as implicações da pesquisadora com a formação e a humanização do cuidado. O segundo eixo abriu debates sobre como os estudantes entendiam o conceito de humanização e a percepção deles sobre a abordagem na grade curricular. Os resultados revelaram as contradições entre o que o currículo oferece a respeito das práticas de ensino da humanização e a pouca compreensão dos alunos sobre sua relevância no atual estágio de formação, e a necessidade de experimentar cenários mais realistas. Destacam ainda que a falta de integração das disciplinas e de relações humanizadas entre docentes e alunos não favorecem uma melhor compreensão do cuidado. Considera nesses resultados, que o referencial teórico metodológico escolhido permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma nova proposta metodológica de ensino médico que possibilitou produzir conhecimentos, analisando as transformações produzidas no decorrer das experimentações, seus contextos e interferências, com a participação direta dos envolvidos.

The study has as object the formation of medical students in humanized care practices during pregnancy in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Points out the need for humanization of care to gain greater visibility in the actions of health professionals and students' learning practices, with the aim of analyzing, together with participants, how the actions related to humanized care are addressed during training. pregnant women, seeking greater approximation between theory and practice. It is an intervention research with a qualitative approach, with a methodological theoretical framework of Institutional Analysis (AI) in the Institutional Socioclinical (IS) modality of professional practices. Data were produced through meetings with participants and a researcher's diary in 2018, after approval by the Ethics Committee (opinion 2,849,667). The activities recorded in the journal allowed the analysis of the researcher's implications with humanization practices and the institutions that cross them. The students accompanied the researcher in 04 activities performed with pregnant women: medical consultation, home visit, participation in an educational group and a visit to the maternity ward. At the end of the activities the institutional socioclinical meetings were held for a collective reflection, and the elaboration of a teaching proposal in Medicine. The reading of the transcribed material evidenced the characteristics of SI in the speeches and in the field diary, selecting two analysis axes and one analyzer. The first axis discussed the implications of the researcher with the formation and humanization of care. The second axis opened debates on how students understood the concept of humanization and their perception of the approach in the curriculum. The results revealed the contradictions between what the curriculum offers about humanization teaching practices and students' poor understanding of their relevance at the present stage of education, and the need to experiment with more realistic scenarios. They also highlight that the lack of integration of disciplines and humanized relations between teachers and students do not favor a better understanding of care. It considers in these results that the chosen methodological theoretical framework allowed the development of a new methodological proposal of medical teaching that made it possible to produce knowledge, analyzing the transformations produced during the experiments, their contexts and interferences, with the direct participation of those involved.

Efeito do "treino cognitivo" na competência diagnóstica da dor torácica em estudantes de Medicina / The effect of "cognitive training" on medical students' diagnostic performance of thoracic pain

Introdução: O raciocínio clínico é o processo cognitivo que permite o médico formular um diagnóstico frente a um caso clínico. Apesar da sua grande importância há poucos estudos sobre os métodos de ensino dessa expertise que são realmente eficazes e que possam definir qual a melhor abordagem instrucional par tal. A maioria dos estudos baseia-se nos scripts de doenças para o aprendizado do aluno para o raciocínio clínico. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do "Treino Cognitivo" na competência diagnóstica de doenças com manifestação clínica de dor torácica em estudantes de Medicina. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de estudo experimental com 3 fases , realizado em 18 estudantes de medicina do 3° ano da UNIFENAS-BH. Na avaliação inicial, fase 1, os estudantes resolveram, individualmente, um conjunto de 8 casos clínicos (seis de dor torácica e dois distratores) com duração de 60 minutos. No treinamento, fase 2, os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos aleatoriamente (Grupo 1 e 2). O Grupo 1 foi treinado para os diagnósticos de Herpes Zoster, pericardite e embolia pulmonar e o Grupo 2 para infarto do miocárdio, refluxo gastroesofágico e dissecção aórtica. A duração do treinamento foi de 5 horas. Após uma semana, na avaliação tardia, fase 3, todos os participantes resolveram, individualmente, um novo conjunto de 10 casos clínicos (seis de dor torácica com os mesmos diagnósticos da fase 1, dois novos distratores, e dois novos diagnósticos de dor torácica não treinados na fase 2) com duração de 60 minutos. O tempo gasto em cada caso para a resolução foi medido e anotado pelos participantes na fase 1 e 3 do estudo. A acurácia diagnóstica dos estudantes foi avaliada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney de acordo com cada bloco estudado, e no geral pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: ambos os grupos melhoraram as médias dos escores diagnósticos entre as fases 1 e 3 apenas para os diagnósticos treinados, não ocorrendo o fenômeno da transferência de aprendizagem. (Grupo 1, p=0,004 e Grupo 2, p=0,041). Conclusões: A estratégia instrucional do "treino cognitivo" foi capaz de melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica dos estudantes de medicina para doenças com apresentação clínica de dor torácica. No entanto, a melhoria ocorreu apenas para as doenças que foram treinadas, ou seja, não foi observado o fenômeno da transferência de aprendizagem. A estratégia proposta parece exercer efeito positivo na acurácia diagnóstica, é de fácil execução e poderá ser considerada para o ensino e desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico nos cursos de graduação.

Introduction: Clinical reasoning is the cognitive process that allows the physicians to make a diagnostic for a clinical case. Despite its great importance, there are few studies about teaching methods of this expertise that is really effective and that could define what is the best instructional approach for it. Most of the studies are based on scripts of diseases for the student to learn clinical reasoning. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of "Cognitive Training" on the diagnostic competence of diseases with chest pain as clinical manifestation in medical students. Materials and methods: This is an experimental study with 3 phases, in 18 medical students in third year of UNIFENAS-BH. On the initial assessment, phase 1, the students solved, individually, a group of 8 clinical cases (six of chest pain and two to distract) lasting 60 minutes. In the training, phase 2, the students were split, randomly, into two groups (Group 1 and 2). Group 1 was trained for herpes zoster, pericarditis and pulmonary thromboembolism and Group 2 for heart attack, gastroesophageal reflux and aortic dissection. This lasted 5 hours. After a week, in the final assessment, phase 3, all the students solved, individually, a new group of 10 clinical cases (six of chest pain with the same diagnostic in phase 1, two new cases to distract, and two new diagnostics of chest pain that hadn´t been trained on phase 2) lasting 60 minutes. The time spent in each case for resolution was measured and noted by participants in phase 1 and phase 3 of the study. The diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test according to each block studied, and in general by the Wilcoxon test. Results: both groups improved the rate of the diagnostic scores between phases 1 and 3 only for the trained diagnoses, not occurring the phenomenon of learning transfer. (Group 1, p = 0.004 and Group 2, p = 0.041). Conclusions: The instructional strategy of "cognitive training" was able to improve the diagnostic accuracy of medical students for diseases with chest pain as clinical presentation. However, the improvement occurred only for trained diseases, therefore, the phenomenon of learning transfer was not observed. The proposed strategy seems to take a positive effect on the accuracy diagnostic, it is easy to implement and can be considered for the teaching and development of clinical reasoning on the graduation courses

Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in an Epirubicin-Resistant Gastric Cancer Cell Subline

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Epirubicin (EPI) is used extensively in the treatment of multiple cancers despite its tendency to induce multidrug resistance though overexpression of the ABCB1 efflux pump. However, this overexpression can be disrupted using short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Objective and Methods: The aim of this study was to explore approaches to reverse EPI resistance and thus increase the success of chemotherapy treatment in an EPI-resistant gastric cancer cell subline (AGS/EPI). Methods: The study focused on effects of ABCB1 knockdown by siRNA technology using TaqMan gene expression assays with quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). MTT assays were performed to evaluate viability and prolifer in subline. ABCB1 protein localization and EPI intracellular fluorescence intensity in AGS/EPI cells were detected by confocal microscopy. Results: The siRNA efficiently downregulated ABCB1 mRNA in AGS/EPI cells. Thus MDR reversal was clearly demonstrated in the AGS/EPI cells, offering the possibility of future in vitro chemoresistance assays for the GC field. Conclusions: ABCB1 knockdown decreased EPI efflux and increased EPI sensitivity in AGS/EPI cells. This result provides a novel strategy for targeted gene therapy to reverse EPI resistance in gastric cancer.

Renal injury in female dogs with pyometra / Injúria renal em cadelas com piometra

ABSTRACT: Pyometra is a common disease in intact female dogs and can cause glomerulopathy and tubular injury. This study aimed to evaluate kidney injury in female dogs with pyometra, as well as progression of the injury during treatment and the markers of this condition. This study analyzed 20 intact female dogs with both clinical and sonographic diagnosis of pyometra. Dogs were treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and an ovariohysterectomy was performed. The following parameters were assessed at eight separate time points: blood pressure; serum creatinine, phosphorus, and urea levels; urinalysis and urinary biochemical parameters [urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR)]; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); and urine output. All dogs showed some degree of kidney injury at the time of pyometra diagnosis. This was transient in most animals, resolving with treatment of the pyometra. Measurement of uGGT and UPCR identified renal parenchymal injury, helping to determine the prognosis of the animals analyzed in the present study.

RESUMO: A piometra é afecção frequente em cadelas e pode causar glomerulopatias e lesões tubulares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar injúria renal em cadelas com piometra, sua progressão ao longo do tratamento e o uso de marcadores dessa alteração. Participaram 20 cadelas com diagnóstico clínico e ultrassonográfico de piometra, submetidas à fluidoterapia, antibioticoterapia e ovariohisterectomia. Foram avaliados pressão arterial, concentração sérica de creatinina, fósforo e ureia; urinálise e bioquímica urinária (gama-glutamiltransferase urinária e razão proteína/creatinina urinárias), taxa de filtração glomerular e débito urinário, em oito tempos. Todas as cadelas apresentaram algum grau de injúria renal no momento do diagnóstico da piometra, sendo transitória na maioria dos animais após o tratamento. O uso de marcadores de injúria renal identificou lesão de parênquima renal, contribuindo com o prognóstico dos animais estudados.

Storage of caatinga forest biomass to improve the quality of wood for energy / Estocagem de biomassa florestal da caatinga para melhoria da qualidade energética da madeira

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of forest biomass energy, coming from the Caatinga, for different storage times in the field. The study was conducted in southern Piauí, between January and February (rainy season). Samples were collected containing branches and trunks of various species, and samples of branches and trunks separately in 5 sample units of 20x20m. Samples were evaluated in the general state freshly harvested and samples of branches and logs after 15 and 30 days of storage in piles in the field. The analyzes carried out were: moisture content on wet basis, ash content and calorific value. Moisture content of freshly harvested biomass ranged from 39% with two days after cutting to 79% in biomass cut and left distributed in the field for 10 days. After storage in piles for 15 days, branches showed moisture content of 18% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3432kcal kg-1 and 3274kcal kg-1, respectively. After 30 days, moisture content for branches was 13% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3672kcal kg-1 and 3240kcal kg-1, respectively. Ash content of the biomass was low. Cutting trees in the rainy season, with maintenance of biomass in the field for 10 days, resulted in an increment of moisture content. Branches had the best behaviour during the storage. Fifteen days of storage are sufficient for the caatinga biomass to achieve high-quality energy.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade energética da biomassa florestal, oriunda da caatinga, em função de diferentes tempos de estocagem no campo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na região sul do Piauí, entre janeiro e fevereiro (época de chuvas). Foram coletadas amostras gerais, contendo galhos e troncos de várias espécies, e amostras de galhos e troncos separadamente, em 5 parcelas de 20x20m. As amostras gerais foram avaliadas no estado recém colhido e as amostras de galhos e toras após 15 e 30 dias de estocagem em pilhas. As análises realizadas foram: teor de umidade na base úmida; teor de cinzas e poder calorífico. O teor de umidade da biomassa recém colhida variou de 39% com dois dias após o corte a 79% em biomassa cortada e deixada distribuída no campo por 10 dias. Após estocagem em pilhas por 15 dias, os galhos ficaram com teor de umidade de 18% e as toras com 21%, e poder calorífico líquido de 3432kcal kg-1 e 3274kcal kg-1, respectivamente. Após 30 dias, os galhos ficaram com 13% e as toras com 21% de umidade, e poder calorífico líquido de 3672kcal kg-1 e 3240kcal kg-1, respectivamente. O teor de cinzas da biomassa foi baixo. O corte das árvores na época de chuva, com manutenção da biomassa em campo por 10 dias, proporcionou aumento do teor de umidade. Os galhos tiveram melhor comportamento durante a estocagem. Quinze dias de estocagem são suficientes para a biomassa da caatinga atingir alta qualidade energética.