ABSTRACT
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as embalagens de plantas medicinais comercializadas em farmácias e drogarias do município de Ijuí/RS, a partir das legislações vigentes sobre o tema. A coleta de dados foi realizada na primeira quinzena do mês de dezembro de 2011 em 13 estabelecimentos farmacêuticos localizados na região central do município, através de formulário elaborado a partir da legislação. Foram selecionadas para análise, plantas medicinais acondicionadas em diferentes tipos de embalagens e marcas. Foram avaliadas 44 embalagens de plantas medicinais, das quais 71% estavam irregulares no que se refere a indicação terapêutica e ao modo de preparo, considerando o preconizado pela RDC 10/10. Embora nem todas as drogas vegetais analisadas estivessem notificadas nesta Resolução, considerou-se o mesmo critério para todas as amostras analisadas. Além disso, 16% dos produtos analisados não apresentavam segurança quanto ao acondicionamento. A nomenclatura popular estava presente em todas as amostras, enquanto a nomenclatura botânica em apenas 75%. Conclui-se que todas as embalagens analisadas apresentaram alguma irregularidade em relação ao que estabelece a RDC nº10/2010, tendo em vista que nenhuma apresentou todos os requisitos exigidos por ela. Os resultados observados demonstram que a ausência das informações devidas nas embalagens ou nos folhetos informativos para orientar os consumidores, pode comprometer o uso seguro das plantas e prejudicar a saúde dos usuários.
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the packages of medicinal plants sold in pharmacies and drugstores in the city of Ijuí, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, according to the Brazilian legislation about the subject. Data collection was conducted in December 2011 in 13 selected pharmaceutical establishments located downtown, and data were collected using a form prepared from the aforementioned resolution. The medicinal plants included in the analysis were from different types of packages and brands. We evaluated 44 packages of medicinal plants, of which 71% were irregular in relation to shape, therapeutic indication and method of preparation. Moreover, 16% of the total products tested had no package security. The popular nomenclature was present in all samples, while the botanical nomenclature, in 75%. We concluded that all analyzed packages were irregular according to the Brazilian RDC 10/2010 because none of them had all of the requirements. The results observed, such as lack of information on the packages or leaflets to guide consumers, may compromise the safe use of plants and endanger the health of users.
Subject(s)
Pharmacies/supply & distribution , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Product Packaging/standards , Products CommerceABSTRACT
Morphine is a potent analgesic opioid used extensively for pain treatment. During the last decade, global consumption grew more than 4-fold. However, molecular mechanisms elicited by morphine are not totally understood. Thus, a growing literature indicates that there are additional actions to the analgesic effect. Previous studies about morphine and oxidative stress are controversial and used concentrations outside the range of clinical practice. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that a therapeutic concentration of morphine (1 μM) would show a protective effect in a traditional model of oxidative stress. We exposed the C6 glioma cell line to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or morphine for 24 h and evaluated cell viability, lipid peroxidation, and levels of sulfhydryl groups (an indicator of the redox state of the cell). Morphine did not prevent the decrease in cell viability provoked by H2O2 but partially prevented lipid peroxidation caused by 0.0025% H2O2 (a concentration allowing more than 90% cell viability). Interestingly, this opioid did not alter the increased levels of sulfhydryl groups produced by exposure to 0.0025% H2O2, opening the possibility that alternative molecular mechanisms (a direct scavenging activity or the inhibition of NAPDH oxidase) may explain the protective effect registered in the lipid peroxidation assay. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that morphine in usual analgesic doses may contribute to minimizing oxidative stress in cells of glial origin. This study supports the importance of employing concentrations similar to those used in clinical practice for a better approximation between experimental models and the clinical setting.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Glioma/drug therapy , Hydrogen Peroxide/administration & dosage , Morphine/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology , Glioma/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Models, Biological , Morphine/administration & dosage , Oxidation-Reduction , Protective Factors , Sulfhydryl Compounds/analysisABSTRACT
In the Brazilian meat production scenario broiler production is the most dynamic segment. Despite of the knowledge generated in the poultry production chain, there are still important gaps on Brazilian rearing conditions as housing is different from other countries. This research study aimed at analyzing the variation in bird skin surface as function of heat distribution inside broiler houses. A broiler house was virtually divided into nine sectors and measurements were made during the first four weeks of the grow-out in a commercial broiler farm in the region of Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. Rearing ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as light intensity and air velocity, were recorded in the geometric center of each virtual sector to evaluate the homogeneity of these parameters. Broiler surface temperatures were recorded using infrared thermography. Differences both in surface temperature (Ts) and dry bulb temperature (DBT) were significant (p 0.05) as a function of week of rearing. Ts was different between the first and fourth weeks (p 0.05) in both flocks. Results showed important variations in rearing environment parameters (temperature and relative humidity) and in skin surface temperature as a function of week and house sector. Air velocity data were outside the limits in the first and third weeks in several sectors. Average light intensity values presented low variation relative to week and house sector. The obtained values were outside the recommended ranges, indicating that broilers suffered thermal distress. This study points out the need to record rearing environment data in order to provide better environmental control during broiler grow-out.
ABSTRACT
In the Brazilian meat production scenario broiler production is the most dynamic segment. Despite of the knowledge generated in the poultry production chain, there are still important gaps on Brazilian rearing conditions as housing is different from other countries. This research study aimed at analyzing the variation in bird skin surface as function of heat distribution inside broiler houses. A broiler house was virtually divided into nine sectors and measurements were made during the first four weeks of the grow-out in a commercial broiler farm in the region of Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. Rearing ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as light intensity and air velocity, were recorded in the geometric center of each virtual sector to evaluate the homogeneity of these parameters. Broiler surface temperatures were recorded using infrared thermography. Differences both in surface temperature (Ts) and dry bulb temperature (DBT) were significant (p 0.05) as a function of week of rearing. Ts was different between the first and fourth weeks (p 0.05) in both flocks. Results showed important variations in rearing environment parameters (temperature and relative humidity) and in skin surface temperature as a function of week and house sector. Air velocity data were outside the limits in the first and third weeks in several sectors. Average light intensity values presented low variation relative to week and house sector. The obtained values were outside the recommended ranges, indicating that broilers suffered thermal distress. This study points out the need to record rearing environment data in order to provide better environmental control during broiler grow-out.