Effects of pilates exercises on strength, endurance and muscle power in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Pilates exercises have been used by the older adults and have shown potential to improve some components of physical fitness. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of Pilates on strength, endurance and muscle power in older adults. METHODS: The searches were performed in the databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and PEDro until September 2022, without filters that limited the date of publications or language. The studies included were: randomized clinical trials (RCTs); interventions that used Pilates; interventions with outcomes involving strength, endurance and/or muscle power; participants over 60 years old. RESULTS: 24 RCTs (1190 participants) were selected. There is low quality evidence that Pilates did not significantly improve muscle strength compared to the control group (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) = 1.18 [95%CI -0.71, 3.08] I2 = 93%), and moderate quality compared to other exercises (SMD = 0.01 [CI95% -0.46, 0.48] I2 = 0%). Very low quality evidence shows that Pilates can improve muscular endurance of upper limbs compared to control group (Mean Difference (MD) = 4.87 [95%CI 2.38, 7.36] I2 = 88%) and lower limbs compared to other exercises (MD = 2.68 [CI95% 0.26, 5.10] I2 = 87%). It was not possible to perform muscle power analysis due to the reduced number of studies. CONCLUSION: Currently, it is not feasible to recommend Pilates exercises as a means to improve strength, endurance and muscle power in the older adults. More RCTs covering this topic are needed given the low quality of evidence available at this time.

Acute effect of static stretching and pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of stretching exercises on muscle strength have been widely researched in the literature, however, there are no studies investigating the effects of Pilates stretching. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. METHOD: 102 trained young adults were randomized into three groups: static stretching (n = 33); Pilates stretching (n = 34); control (n = 35). Isokinetic evaluation of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was performed at 60°/s and 180°/s, pre and post acute intervention with stretching. Interventions in the static stretching and Pilates stretching groups occurred in 3 sets x 30 s for each body region considered (a-knee extensor muscles; b-knee flexor muscles). The control group did not perform any intervention. RESULTS: No difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the groups after the intervention. There was only a significant intragroup improvement for the control group on the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexors at 180°/s, with a moderate effect size, considering the entire sample (p = 0.040; d = 0.42) and when considering only male gender (p = 0.010; d = 0.60). CONCLUSION: Static stretching or Pilates stretching performed as a warm-up did not impair or enhance the concentric muscle strength performance of the knee extensors and flexors. In this way, both forms of stretching can be considered as preparatory exercises before muscle strength training.

Effects of Pilates exercises on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of Pilates exercises on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, SportDiscus, Scielo, and PEDro. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that intervened with Pilates and had HRQoL as an outcome were eligible. The methodological quality of each RCT was assessed using the PEDro scale and the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE system. Meta-analyses were conducted by standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: Initially, 760 records were located. After screening, 11 RCTs were included in the systematic review. Five studies presented low risk of bias (PEDro score ≥ 6). Evidence of very low to moderate certainty demonstrated significant effects in favor of Pilates exercises vs control groups for five of the nine HRQoL domains analyzed: bodily pain (SMD = 0.96), physical functioning (SMD = 0.85), social functioning (SMD = 0.45), role physical (SMD = 0.79), and role emotional (SMD = 0.61). Subgroup analyzes demonstrated that Pilates had a positive impact on more domains whens administered for ≥ 48 sessions (eight domains) vs < 48 sessions (three domains); and when administered on equipment (seven domains) vs mat (three domains). CONCLUSION: Pilates exercises, in general, allowed significant effects to improve HRQoL in postmenopausal women, especially when performed on equipment and when administered for at least 48 sessions. However, no analysis showed high certainty of evidence, and more RCTs of high methodological quality are needed to confirm these findings.

Effects of stretching in a pilates program on musculoskeletal fitness: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature questions the impact of stretching exercises performed immediately before muscle strengthening exercises on different components of musculoskeletal physical fitness. Pilates is a physical exercise modality that typically uses stretching exercises preceding muscle-strengthening exercises. However, no studies have investigated the effects of stretching in a Pilates program on components of musculoskeletal fitness. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of stretching in a Pilates exercise program on flexibility, strength, vertical jump height and muscular endurance. METHODS: Thirty-two sedentary young women were randomized into two groups: traditional Pilates (TP), who performed flexibility and muscle strengthening exercises (n = 16), and nontraditional Pilates (NTP), who only performed muscle-strengthening exercises (n = 16). Sessions took place 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The following tests were performed pre- and postintervention: 10-RM knee extensors, vertical jump, handgrip, 1-min sit-ups, Sorensen and sit-and-reach. The occurrence of adverse events was recorded throughout the intervention and compared between groups using odds ratio (OR). To compare the results of motor tests between groups, ANCOVA or Mann‒Whitney U test was used for parametric and nonparametric data, respectively. The data were analyzed by intention-to-treat. RESULTS: After intervention, the TP was superior to NTP for the sit-and-reach test, with a large effect size (d = 0.87; p = 0.035), with no differences between groups for the other tests. Intragroup comparisons showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for TP and NTP for improvement in 10-RM knee extensors and vertical jump measurements, while only TP showed significant intragroup improvement (p < 0.05) for the sit-and-reach test. A greater chance of experiencing pain or other discomfort as a result of exercise was shown by NTP (OR = 4.20, CI95% 0.69 to 25.26). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that stretching exercises performed at the beginning of sessions in a Pilates program did not impair or enhance the development of strength, vertical jump height and muscular endurance in young women. However, only the Pilates program with stretching improved flexibility and reduced the chances of adverse events such as musculoskeletal pain and other discomfort resulting from the exercise protocol. CLINICALTRIALS: GOV: NCT05538520, prospectively registered on September 16, 2022.

Comparative analysis of pelvic floor muscle training and Pilates in managing urinary incontinence among postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This study is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and Pilates on the improvement of urinary incontinence (UI), strength, and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs), and the impact of UI on the quality of life in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Forty postmenopausal women were randomly divided in to two groups: PFMT (n = 20) and Pilates (n = 20). The participants were followed for 12 weeks, three times a week on nonconsecutive days. UI was assessed using the pad test and the voiding diary, PFM strength and resistance using bidigital assessment and manometry, and the impact of UI on quality of life using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), before and after the 3-month treatment. RESULTS: There was a significant intra-group improvement in both groups for the pad test, mean daily urinary loss, and ICIQ-SF. The strength was significantly improved only in the PFMT group, and the endurance in both groups. Peak strength manometry was significantly improved only in the Pilates group, and the mean strength manometry in both groups. There was also an improvement in both groups for peak endurance manometry and mean endurance manometry. In the inter-group comparison, there was a significant improvement only in muscle strength, which was positive for group. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between Pilates and PFMT for the management of women in post-menopause with stress urinary incontinence, provided that voluntary contraction of the PFMs is performed. However, further randomized clinical trials need to be carried out.

Effects of Pilates exercises on cardiorespiratory fitness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that Pilates improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, there is a lack of systematic review studies on this topic. Our aim was to verify the effects of Pilates exercises on CRF in healthy adults. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in: PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and PEDro (search on January 12, 2023). Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A meta-analysis was performed using the standardized mean difference (SMD). The quality of evidence was rated by the GRADE system. RESULTS: In total, 12 RCTs were eligible (569 participants). Only three studies presented high methodological quality. Very low to low quality evidence showed that: a) Pilates was superior to control groups (SMD = 0.96 [CI95% 0.39 to 1.54] n = 457, studies = 12), even when only high methodological quality studies were included (SMD = 1.14 [CI95% 0.25 to 2.04] n = 129, studies = 3); b) to be effective, Pilates needed to be performed for ≥1440 min; c) the effects were significant regardless of the form of Pilates application (mat or equipment); d) Pilates was not different from other exercises regarding the effects on CRF. CONCLUSION: Pilates had a large effect on CRF, provided that it was administered for at least 1440 min (equivalent to 2x-week for three months or 3x-week for two months). However, due to the low quality of the evidence, these results should be interpreted with caution.

Effectiveness of whole-body vibration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The present study observed significant effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, with high-quality evidence for high-frequency, low-magnitude, and high-cumulative-dose use. The aim was to update a previous systematic review with meta-analysis to observe the effects of WBV on BMD in postmenopausal women. For the meta-analysis, the weighted mean difference between WBV and control groups, or WBV and conventional exercise, was used for the area of bone mineral density (aBMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, trochanter, intertrochanter, and Ward's area, or volumetric trabecular bone mineral density (vBMDt) of the radius and tibia. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and the quality of evidence using the GRADE system. In total, 23 studies were included in the systematic review and 20 in the meta-analysis. Thirteen studies showed high methodological quality. WBV compared with control groups showed significant effects on aBMD in the primary analysis (lumbar spine and trochanter), sensitivity (lumbar spine), side-alternating vibration (lumbar spine and trochanter), synchronous vibration (lumbar spine), low frequency and high magnitude (lumbar spine and trochanter), high frequency and low magnitude (lumbar spine), high frequency and high magnitude (lumbar spine, trochanter, and Ward's area), high cumulative dose and low magnitude (lumbar spine), low cumulative dose and high magnitude (lumbar spine and trochanter), and positioning with semi-flexed knees (trochanter). Of these results, only high frequency associated with low magnitude and high cumulative dose with low magnitude showed high-quality evidence. At this time, considering the high quality of evidence, it is possible to recommend WBV using high frequency (≈ 30 Hz), low magnitude (≈ 0.3 g), and high cumulative dose (≈ 7000 min) to improve lumbar spine aBMD in postmenopausal women. Other parameters, although promising, need to be better investigated, considering, when applicable, the safety of the participants, especially in vibrations with higher magnitudes (≥ 1 g).

Effects of Pilates Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite the popularity of Pilates exercises among postmenopausal women, few studies have devoted attention to verifying the effects of the technique on bone mineral density (BMD), and, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted on this topic. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the effect of Pilates on BMD. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials were considered eligible, with follow-up of 6 months and more, which verified the effects of Pilates exercise on the BMD of postmenopausal women. The calculations of the meta-analysis were performed through the weighted mean difference between the Pilates exercise and control groups, through the absolute change between pre- and postintervention in the areal bone mineral density. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Only 1 study presented satisfactory methodological quality. Pilates exercises did not offer significant effects to improve areal bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (0.019 g/cm2 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.018 to 0.057], P = .32), total hip (0.012 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.002 to 0.027], P = .10), or femoral neck (0.000 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.021 to 0.022], P = .97). CONCLUSIONS: Pilates exercises had no significant effects on BMD in postmenopausal women. However, the few studies included in the meta-analysis and the low methodological quality of the majority of the studies do not allow safe extrapolation of the results at this time. More robust randomized controlled trials with high methodological quality are needed so that the results of this meta-analysis can be confirmed.

Comparação entre duas modalidades terapêuticas sobre o equilíbrio postural e medo de quedas em mulheres na pós-menopausa: um ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado / Comparison between two therapeutic modalities on postural balance and fear of falling in postmenopausal women: a randomized and controlled clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do Pilates vs. vibração de corpo inteiro (VCI) e nenhuma intervenção sobre o equilíbrio postural e medo de quedas em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos: Ensaio clínico Mono-cego, com 51 participantes randomizadas em três grupos (Pilates, VCI, ou Controle). Avaliações foram realizadas para o equilíbrio postural estático por intermédio da plataforma de força, equilíbrio postural dinâmico pelo teste Timed Up & Go e medo de quedas pela Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Pilates e VCI foram administrados três vezes na semana, por seis meses. Resultados: Após a intervenção, nenhuma diferença (p> 0.05) foi observada para o equilíbrio postural estático, contudo, para a maior parte das variáveis, Pilates e VCI demonstraram um grande tamanho de efeito (d> 0.80) quando comparados ao grupo controle. Para o equilíbrio postural dinâmico, Pilates e VCI promoveram uma melhora significativa (p= 0.032) comparados ao grupo controle. Para o medo de quedas não houve diferença entre os grupos (p= 0.055) pós-intervenção. Conclusão: Tendo em vista a representatividade clínica evidenciada pelas medidas de tamanho de efeito, Pilates e VCI podem ser recomendados para melhora do equilíbrio postural estático e dinâmico em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Contudo, em relação ao medo de quedas, essas modalidades terapêuticas necessitam de melhor investigação.

Abstract To compare the effects of Pilates vs. whole body vibration (WBV) and no treatment controls on postural balance and fear of falling in postmenopausal women. Method: Single-blind randomized clinical trial, with 51 participants randomized into three groups (Pilates, WBV, or control). Evaluations were performed of static postural balance on a force platform, dynamic postural balance by the Timed Up & Go test, and fear of falling by the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Pilates and WBV were performed three times a week for six months. Results: After the intervention, no difference (p>0.05) was observed for static postural balance, however, for the majority of variables, Pilates and WBV demonstrated a large effect size (d>0.80) when compared to control. For dynamic postural balance and risk of falls, Pilates and WBV showed a significant (p=0.032) improvement compared to the control. Fear of falling did not change (p=0.055) between groups over time. Conclusion: In view of the clinical representativeness evidenced by the effect sizes, Pilates and WBV can be recommended to improve postural balance in postmenopausal women. However, in relation to fear of falling, these therapeutic modalities require further investigation.

Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Versus Pilates Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is a common condition in postmenopausal women that can be managed with impact activities. Among the activities studied are the whole-body vibration (WBV) and muscle-strengthening exercises. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of WBV versus Pilates exercise on BMD in postmenopausal women. METHODS: In this study, 51 postmenopausal women were randomized into 3 groups: vibration (n = 17), Pilates (n = 17), and control (n = 17). Outcomes were the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, trochanter, intertrochanter, and ward's area) assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and follow-up. The interventions were performed 3 times a week for 6 months, totaling 78 sessions. The analysis was performed with intention-to-treat and covariance analyses adjusted for baseline outcomes. RESULTS: After 6 months, 96.1% of the participants completed the follow-up. The analyses demonstrated significant mean between-group differences in favor of the interventions: vibration versus control, for the aBMD of the lumbar spine (0.014 g/cm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.006-0.022; P = .018, d = 1.21) and trochanter (0.018 g/cm; 95% CI, 0.006-0.030; P = .012, d = 1.03); and Pilates versus control, for the aBMD of the lumbar spine (0.016 g/cm; 95% CI, 0.007-0.025; P = .008, d = 1.15) and trochanter (0.020 g/cm; 95% CI, 0.010-0.031; P = .005, d = 1.28). CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, 3 weekly sessions of WBV or Pilates administered for 6 months provided an equal effect on BMD.

Pilates increases the isokinetic muscular strength of the knee extensors and flexors in elderly women.

INTRODUCTION: Pilates has been shown to be effective for increasing muscle strength in older adults, however, some variables have not yet been explored. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effects of Pilates on the isokinetic muscular strength of the knee extensors and flexors at 60°/s, in elderly women. METHOD: Thirty-two women were randomized into two groups: control group (CG, n = 16, age = 64.2 ± 0.8 years; BMI = 25.0 ± 1.2 kg/m2), and experimental group (EG, n = 16, age = 63.6 ± 1.0 years, BMI = 24.7 ± 1.3 kg/m2). Isokinetic evaluation of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was performed at 60°/s, pre- and post-intervention, considering the peak torque (N.m) and total work (J) for the right and left lower limbs. The CG participated in static stretching and the EG in Pilates sessions, twice a week for 12 weeks. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the EG presented a significant improvement (p < 0.01) in all tests performed, when comparing the pre- and post-intervention (intragroup), with an effect size (Cohen's d) reaching 2.03 and 1.33 for the knee flexor and extensor muscles respectively. Comparing the CG and EG (intergroup), post-intervention, a significant improvement was observed (p ≤ 0.01) in favor of the EG for all variables, with an effect size (Cohen's d) reaching 1.59 and 1.15 for the knee flexor and extensor muscles respectively. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that 12 weeks of Pilates increases the isokinetic muscular strength of the knee extensors and flexors in elderly women and can be considered for this purpose when prescribing physical exercise programs.

Pilates increases isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles of older women: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The number of elderly people is growing and the practice of physical exercise, such as Pilates, contributes to increased muscular strength and functional autonomy in this population. OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of Pilates on the isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexors and extensors, and on the functionality of the upper limbs, of older women. METHOD: Thirty volunteers were randomized into two groups-Pilates group (PG) and Control Group (CG). The PG exercises were performed twice weekly for 12 weeks. Evaluations were performed pre and post-intervention, for isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexors and extensors and functionality of the upper limbs. RESULTS: In the intra-group comparison, the PG improved strength of the elbow extensors and the functionality of the upper limbs (p < 0.05). When comparing the post-intervention moment, the PG was superior to the CG in all variables (p < 0.05), with a large effect size (d > 0.80). CONCLUSION: Pilates increases the isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexors and extensors, in addition to the functionality of the upper limbs, in older women.

Comparison between static stretching and the Pilates method on the flexibility of older women.

INTRODUCTION: Flexibility decreases with advancing age and some forms of exercise, such as static stretching and Pilates, can contribute to the improvement of this physical ability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates on the flexibility of healthy older women, over the age of 60 years. METHOD: Thirty-two volunteers were randomized into two groups (Static stretching or Pilates) to perform exercises for 60 min, twice a week, for three months. Evaluations to analyze the movements of the trunk (flexion and extension), hip flexion and plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed before and after the intervention, using a fleximeter. RESULTS: The static stretching exercises improved the trunk flexion and hip flexion movements, while the Pilates improved all evaluated movements. However, over time, the groups presented differences only for the trunk extension movement. CONCLUSION: For some body segments, Pilates may be more effective for improving flexibility in older women compared to static stretching.

ACURÁCIA DE TESTES FUNCIONAIS NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DA PRÉ-ATIVAÇÃO DE MÚSCULOS LOMBOPÉLVICOS / ACCURACY OF FUNCTIONAL TESTS FOR IDENTIFYING ANTICIPATORY ACTIVATION OF THE LUMBOPELVIC MUSCLES / PRECISIÓN DE PRUEBAS FUNCIONALES EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA PRE-ACTIVACIÓN DE LOS MÚSCULOS LUMBOPÉLVICOS

RESUMO Introdução: Ajustes antecipatórios (pré-ativação) dos músculos profundos do tronco aumentam a estabilidade lombopélvica. Estudos prévios demonstram que indivíduos assintomáticos podem apresentar atrasos no início de ativação muscular e alterações físico-funcionais. No entanto, não foram encontrados estudos que tenham verificado se testes físico-funcionais (TFF) são capazes de identificar alteração no início de ativação dos músculos estabilizadores lombopélvicos. Objetivo : Verificar os níveis de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de um conjunto de testes de avaliação da capacidade física funcional para detectar alterações na pré-ativação dos músculos transverso do abdome/oblíquo interno (TrA/OI) e multífido lombar (ML) durante o teste de movimento rápido de flexão do ombro (TMRFO). Método : Participaram do estudo 27 voluntários assintomáticos para dor lombar, com média de idade de 23,8 anos (desvio padrão: 2,2), e que foram submetidos aos TFF e TMRFO para determinação do início da ativação dos músculos profundos do tronco por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Foi verificada sensibilidade e especificidade e análise da acurácia através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) e teste de qui-quadrado para comparações entre porcentagens (p < 0,05) . Resultados : A "pré-ativação" foi a condição que ocorreu com maior frequência no grupo como um todo, bem como em ambos os gêneros, com exceção do TrA/OI no gênero feminino (χ2 = 0,28/P = 0,58). Entre todos os TFF aplicados, o de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco apresentou maior valor de sensibilidade, especificidade e área sob a curva ROC (0,75; 0,73; 0,74, respectivamente) . Conclusão : Entre os TFF avaliados, o de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco mostrou níveis aceitáveis de acurácia para identificar alterações na ativação da musculatura estabilizadora lombopélvica em voluntários assintomáticos para dor lombar. Assim, o teste de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco pode ser utilizado na clínica para predizer alterações na ativação dos músculos profundos do tronco.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anticipatory adjustments (pre-activation) of the deep trunk muscles increase lumbopelvic stability. Previous studies have shown that asymptomatic individuals may experience delays in the start of muscle activation, as well as functional physical alterations. However, there are no studies that assess whether physical and functional tests (PFT) are able to identify changes in early activation of the lumbopelvic stabilizer muscles. Objective: To assess the levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of a set of physical and functional performance tests to detect changes in anticipatory activation of the transversus abdominis/internal oblique muscles (TrA/OI) and lumbar multifidus (ML) during a task of fast shoulder flexion movements (FSFM) . Method: Twenty-seven volunteers, asymptomatic for low back pain, with a mean age of 23.8 (Standard deviation: 2.2) years, participated in the study. They were submitted to PFT and FSFM to determine the initial activation time of the deep trunk muscles through surface electromyography. Sensitivity and specificity were determined, and accuracy was analyzed by the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve and chi-square test for comparisons between percentages (p<0.05) . Results: Anticipatory activation was the condition that occurred most frequently in the group as a whole, and in both genders, with the exception of TrA/OI in females (χ2=0.28/P=0.58). Among all the PFT assessed, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test showed the highest values for sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve (0.75; 0.73; 0.74, respectively). Conclusion: Among the PFT evaluated, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test showed acceptable levels of accuracy for identifying changes in the activation of deep trunk muscles in volunteers who were asymptomatic for low back pain. Thus, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test can be used clinically to predict changes in the activation of deep muscles of the trunk.

RESUMEN Introducción: Ajustes de anticipación (pre-activación) de los músculos profundos del tronco aumentan la estabilidad lumbopélvica. Estudios anteriores demostraron que individuos asintomáticos (sin dolor) pueden presentar retrasos en el inicio de la activación muscular y alteraciones físicas y funcionales. Sin embargo, no fueron encontrados estudios que hayan verificado si las pruebas físicas y funcionales (PFF) son capaces de identificar los cambios en la activación temprana de los músculos estabilizadores lumbopélvicos. Objetivo: Verificar los niveles de sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de un conjunto de pruebas de evaluación de la capacidad física funcional para detectar cambios en la pre-activación de los músculos transverso abdominal/oblicuo interno (TrA/OI) y multífido lumbar (ML) durante la prueba de movimiento rápido de flexión del hombro (PMRFH) . Método: Participaron del estudio 27 voluntarios, asintomáticos para el dolor lumbar, con una edad media de 23,8 años (desviación estándar: 2,2), sometidos a PFF y PMRFH para determinar el inicio de la activación de los músculos profundos del tronco mediante electromiografía de superficie. Se encontró una sensibilidad y especificidad y análisis de exactitud a través de la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) y la prueba de chi-cuadrado para las comparaciones entre porcentajes (p < 0,05). Resultados: La "pre-activación" fue la condición que ocurrió con más frecuencia en el grupo como un todo y en ambos sexos, con excepción de TrA/OI en las mujeres (χ2 = 0,28/P = 0,58). Entre todos los PFF aplicados, la flexión repetitiva del tronco presentó un mayor valor de sensibilidad, especificidad y el área bajo la curva ROC (0,75; 0,73; 0,74, respectivamente) . Conclusión: Entre los PFF evaluados, la flexión repetitiva del tronco mostró niveles aceptables de exactitud para identificar cambios en la activación de los músculos estabilizadores lumbopélvicos en voluntarios asintomáticos para dolor lumbar. Así, la prueba de flexión repetitiva del tronco se puede utilizar clínicamente para predecir cambios en la activación de los músculos profundos del tronco.

Effects of the Pilates method on variables related to functionality of a patient with traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5: A case study.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 is a rare complication in the spine, which impairs variables related to the functionality of the person affected. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of the Pilates method on strength and muscular resistance, flexibility, postural balance and level of pain in a patient with traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5. METHODS: The following evaluations were performed pre and post-intervention: resistance of the flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk; isokinetic peak torque of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee; hip and torso flexibility; static postural balance; and the visual analog scale of pain. The treatment consisted of three weekly sessions of Pilates, performed over 12 weeks. RESULTS: There was improvement in all the tests, except for one variable related to postural balance. CONCLUSIONS: The Pilates method was effective for improving muscle resistance and strength, flexibility, postural balance and pain, in a patient with traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5.

O significado da prática do método Pilates para as praticantes / The significance of the Pilates method practice for the practitioners

Foi objetivo do presente estudo verificar as características de mulheres praticantes de Pilates e a opinião destas, quanto a particularidades do método. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como não experimental e descritiva, sendo realizada em 10 diferentes estabelecimentos, de três cidades do norte do Paraná, com 45 mulheres, na faixa etária entre 14 e 73 anos (34,5±10,60), praticantes de Pilates há no mínimo seis meses. Uma entrevista semiestruturada com perguntas abertas e fechadas foi realizada. Para análise foram criadas categorias, de forma a agrupar as respostas por afinidade. Foi possível observar que a maioria das praticantes, procuraram a técnica por apresentarem condições patológicas (40%), e encontraram no método tranquilidade, prazer e identificação (42,23%). Aproximadamente 98% declararam não pensar em parar de praticar Pilates, por perceberem mudanças corporais ao longo do tempo. A maior parte relatou conseguir realizar os movimentos com contração dos estabilizadores da coluna (84,44%), correta respiração (91,11%), com concentração (88,88%), além de realizar os movimentos de forma precisa, controlada e com fluidez (91,11%). Concluiu-se que o método Pilates, tem sido procurado principalmente em casos de reabilitação e possibilita às praticantes, prazer e tranquilidade, não oferecendo dificuldades para o aprendizado dos seis princípios básicos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the characteristics of women who practice Pilates and their view, as regards the particularities of the method. The research was characterized as nonexperimental and descriptive, being held in 10 different venues, three cities in Northern Paraná, with 45 women, aged between 14 and 73 years (34.5 ± 10.60), practitioners of Pilates for at least six months. A semi-structured interview with open and closed questions was performed. Categories were created for the analysis in order to group responses by affinity. It was observed that most practitioners, searched for the Pilates due to pathological conditions (40%), and found in the method tranquility, pleasure and identification (42.23%). Approximately 98% reported they were not thinking in stopping to practice Pilates for perceiving bodily changes over time. Most reported ability to perform movements with the contraction of spinal stabilizers (84.44%), proper breathing (91.11%) and concentration (88.88%), and to perform the movements in a precise form, controlled and with fluidity (91.11%). It was concluded that the Pilates method has been searched mainly in cases of rehabilitation and enables the practitioners, pleasure and tranquility, offering no difficulties in the learning of the six basic principles.(AU)

Efeitos do método pilates no torque isocinético dos extensores e flexores do joelho: estudo piloto / Effects of the pilates method in isokinetic torque of knee extensors and flexors: pilot study / Efectos del método pilates en el torque isocinético de los extensores y flexores de la rodilla: estudio piloto

INTRODUÇÃO: apesar da popularização do método Pilates como forma de exercício físico, os estudos com a técnica ainda não têm explorado os seus efeitos sobre o torque isocinético dos músculos extensores e flexores do joelho. OBJETIVO: verificar os efeitos do método Pilates no torque isocinético dos extensores e flexores do joelho em mulheres jovens. MÉTODOS: 10 voluntárias foram submetidas à avaliação isocinética (60°/s e 300°/s) dos extensores e flexores do joelho, do membro inferior dominante, pré e pós-intervenção com o método Pilates, considerando-se o pico de torque (PT) e o trabalho total (TT). Oito intervenções foram realizadas ao longo de quatro semanas, constando de 28 exercícios de alongamento e fortalecimento para os principais grupos musculares. A análise estatística, utilizando os testes t de Student ou Wilcoxon para amostras dependentes, foi utilizada (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: os resultados mostraram melhora significativa para a maioria das variáveis observadas, tanto na extensão do joelho (TT 60°/s - 8,98%, p = 0,0166; PT 300°/s - 11,80%, p = 0,0077; TT 300°/s - 19,68%, p = 0,0051), quanto na flexão (PT 60°/s - 11,44%, p = 0,0171; TT 60°/s - 11,55%, p = 0,0395; TT 300°/s - 12,86%, p = 0,0145), com exceção para duas variáveis, uma referente ao movimento de extensão do joelho (PT 60°/s - 3,04%, p = 0,4413) e outra ao movimento de flexão (PT 300°/s - 2,30%, p = 0,3873). CONCLUSÃO: foi possível verificar que oito sessões de Pilates, realizadas ao longo de quatro semanas, proporcionaram melhora significativa do torque isocinético dos músculos extensores e flexores do joelho em mulheres jovens, em relação ao PT e TT (60°/s e 300°/s) para a maioria das variáveis analisadas. .

INTRODUCTION: despite the popularity of Pilates as a form of exercise, studies with the technique still have not explored their effects on isokinetic torque of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee. OBJECTIVES: check the effects of the Pilates method on isokinetic torque of the knee extensors and flexors in young women. METHODS: 10 volunteers underwent isokinetic evaluation (60°/s and 300°/s) of the knee extensors and flexors of the dominant leg, pre-and post-intervention with the Pilates method, considering the peak torque (PT) and total work (TW). Eight interventions were conducted over four weeks, 28 consisting of stretching and strengthening exercises for the major muscle groups. Statistical analysis using the Student t or Wilcoxon for dependent samples was used (p<0.05). RESULTS: the results showed significant improvement for most of the observed variables in both knee extension (TW 60°/s - 8.98%, p = 0.0166, PT 300°/s - 11.80%, p = 0.0077, TW 300°/s - 19.68%, p = 0.0051) and in flexion (PT 60°/s - 11.44%, p = 0.0171; TW 60°/s - 11.55%, p = 0.0395; TW 300°/s - 12.86%, p = 0.0145), as an exception to two variables: one related to the movement of knee extension (PT 60°/s - 3.04 %, p = 0.4413) and the other to flexion (PT 300°/s - 2.30%, p = 0.3873). CONCLUSION: we found that eight sessions of Pilates, conducted over four weeks, provided significant improvement in isokinetic torque of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee in young women, in relation to the PT and TT (60°/s and 300°/s) for most variables. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: a pesar de la popularización del método Pilates, como una forma de ejercicio físico, los estudios con la técnica aún no han explorado sus efectos sobre el torque isocinético de los músculos extensores y flexores de la rodilla. OBJETIVOS: verificar los efectos del método Pilates, el torque isocinético de los extensores y flexores de la rodilla en mujeres jóvenes. MÉTODOS: diez voluntarias fueron sometidas a evaluación isocinética (60°/s y 300º/s) de los extensores y flexores de la rodilla, del miembro inferior dominante, antes y después de la intervención con el método Pilates, considerándose el pico de torque (PT) y trabajo total (TT). Ocho intervenciones fueron realizadas durante cuatro semanas, siendo 28 ejercicios de alongamiento y fortalecimiento para los principales grupos musculares. Fue aplicado análisis estadístico utilizando los tests t de Student o de Wilcoxon para muestras dependientes (p <0,05). RESULTADOS: los resultados mostraron mejora significativa para la mayoría de las variables observadas, tanto en extensión de la rodilla (TT 60°/s - 8,98%, p = 0,0166, PT 300°/s - 11,80%, p = 0,0077, TT 300°/s - 19,68%, p = 0,0051) como en la flexión (PT 60°/s - 11,44%, p = 0,0171; TT 60°/s - 11,55%, p = 0,0395; TT 300°/s - 12,86%, p = 0,0145), como excepción a dos variables: una referente al movimiento de extensión de la rodilla (PT 60°/s - 3,04 %, p = 0,4413) y otra al movimiento de flexión (PT 300°/s - 2,30%, p = 0,3873). CONCLUSIÓN: fue posible verificar que ocho sesiones de Pilates, realizadas a lo largo de cuatro semanas, proporcionó mejora significativa en el torque isocinético, de los músculos extensores y flexores de la rodilla en mujeres jóvenes, en relación al PT y TT (60°/s y 300º/s), para la mayoría de las variables analizadas. .

Efeitos do Pilates na resistência muscular, flexibilidade e equilíbrio de mulheres jovens / Effects of Pilates on muscular endurance, flexibility and balance in young women

Introdução: O método Pilates tem possibilitado melhora da resistência muscular, flexibilidade e equilíbrio, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos na população jovem e em curtos períodos de treinamento. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos do Pilates em mulheres jovens, sobre a resistência muscular do tronco, flexibilidade e equilíbrio. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa dez voluntárias, com média de 22,5±1,80 anos. Avaliações pré- e pós-intervenção foram realizadas para resistência muscular dos flexores e extensores do tronco; flexibilidade do quadril em flexão e do tronco em flexão e extensão; e equilíbrio postural estático por meio de uma plataforma de força. As intervenções ocorreram com oito sessões de Pilates ao longo de quatro semanas. Resultados: Foi possível identificar melhora significativa (P<0,05) em todos os testes relacionados à resistência muscular e flexibilidade. Conclusão: Quatro semanas de intervenção com Pilates foi capaz de proporcionar melhora da resistência muscular do tronco e flexibilidade de mulheres jovens.

Introduction: The Pilates method has enabled improvement in muscle strength, flexibility and balance, however, little is known about the effects on young people and in short periods of training. Objective: To investigate the effects of Pilates in young women, on the trunk muscle endurance, flexibility and balance. Methods: Participants were ten volunteers, with a mean of 22.5±1.80 years. Pre- and post-intervention were performed for muscle strength of the trunk flexors and extensors; flexibility in flexion of the hip and trunk flexion and extension; and static postural balance through a force platform. The interventions occurred with eight Pilates sessions over four weeks. Results: It was possible to identify a significant improvement (P<0.05) in all tests related to muscle strength and flexibility. Conclusion: Four weeks of intervention with Pilates was able to provide improved muscle strength and flexibility of the trunk of young women.

O método Pilates no tratamento de espondilolistese traumática em L4-L5: estudo de caso / The Pilates method in the treatment of traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: O método Pilates é uma forma de tratamento conservador, que vem sendo utilizado em patologias da coluna vertebral. Dentre estas se encontra a espondilolistese, que se mostra como uma ocorrência rara, quando do tipo traumática entre as vértebras L4-L5. OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos do método Pilates sobre força, flexibilidade e dor de um paciente com espondilolistese traumática em L4-L5, que apresentava quadro estável. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Avaliações pré e pós-intervenção foram realizadas com o intuito de avaliar a força da musculatura abdominal e paravertebral, a flexibilidade da cadeia posterior e a dor lombar, envolvendo os seguintes testes: enrolamento repetitivo do tronco, estático de resistência das costas de Sorenson, sentar e alcançar e escala visual analógica (EVA) da dor. Para a intervenção, foram realizados exercícios do método Pilates, uma hora por dia, quatro vezes na semana, durante 12 semanas, nesta sequência: alongamentos iniciais, fortalecimento de membros inferiores, abdominais e membros superiores, alongamentos finais e relaxamento. RESULTADOS: O paciente passou de 28 para 39 repetições no teste de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco, e de 17 para 65 segundos, no teste estático de resistência das costas de Sorenson. No teste de sentar e alcançar passou de -5 para 2 cm e o nível de dor, de 7 para 3. CONCLUSÃO: O método Pilates se mostrou eficiente no aumento da força da musculatura abdominal e paravertebral, da flexibilidade da cadeia posterior e na melhora da dor na coluna lombar, em um paciente com espondilolistese traumática de L4-L5, sendo uma alternativa para o tratamento conservador, em casos em que não exista instabilidade no quadro.

INTRODUCTION: The Pilates method is a form of conservative treatment, which has been used in diseases of the spine. Among the diseases is spondylolisthesis, which is a rare event when the type traumatic between the L4-L5 vertebrae. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effects of Pilates on the strength, flexibility and pain, in a patient with traumatic spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 stable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre- and post-intervention were performed to assess the strength of the abdominal muscles and posterior chain flexibility and low back pain, involving the following tests: repeated rolling of the trunk, static endurance of the back of Sorenson, sit and reach and scale visual analogue score (VAS) of pain. For the intervention, were made of the Pilates exercises, one hour per day, four times a week for twelve weeks, in the following sequence: the initial stretching, strengthening of the lower limbs, abdomen and upper limbs, stretching and final relaxation. RESULTS: Patient went from 28 to 39 repetitions in the test repeated rolling of the trunk and 17 to 65 seconds in the static test of endurance of the back of Sorenson. In the sit and reach test increased from -5 to 2 cm and the pain level of 7 to 3. CONCLUSION: The Pilates method was proved effective in increasing muscle strength and abdominal paravertebral, posterior chain flexibility and to reduce pain in the lumbar spine in a patient with traumatic spondylolisthesis of L4-L5, being an alternative to conservative treatment in cases where there is not instability.