A Perspective Review on Diet Quality, Excess Adiposity, and Chronic Psychosocial Stress and Implications for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Although the overall incidence of CRC has been decreasing over the past 40 y, early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), which is defined as a CRC diagnosis in patients aged >50 y has increased. In this Perspective, we highlight and summarize the association between diet quality and excess adiposity, and EOCRC. We also explore chronic psychosocial stress (CPS), a less investigated modifiable risk factor, and EOCRC. We were able to show that a poor-quality diet, characterized by a high intake of sugary beverages and a Western diet pattern (high intake of red and processed meats, refined grains, and foods with added sugars) can promote risk factors associated with EOCRC development, such as an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiome, presence of chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Excess adiposity, particularly obesity onset in early adulthood, is a likely contributor of EOCRC. Although the research is sparse examining CPS and CRC/EOCRC, we describe likely pathways linking CPS to tumorigenesis. Although additional research is needed to understand what factors are driving the uptick in EOCRC, managing body weight, improving diet quality, and mitigating psychosocial stress, may play an important role in reducing an individual's risk of EOCRC.

Effect of Diets Varying in Iron and Saturated Fat on the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Inflammation: A Crossover Feeding Study among Older Females with Obesity.

Obesity is considered an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Altered nutrient metabolism, particularly changes to digestion and intestinal absorption, may play an important role in the development of CRC. Iron can promote the formation of tissue-damaging and immune-modulating reactive oxygen species. We conducted a crossover, controlled feeding study to examine the effect of three, 3-week diets varying in iron and saturated fat content on the colonic milieu and systemic markers among older females with obesity. Anthropometrics, fasting venous blood and stool were collected before and after each diet. There was a minimum 3-week washout period between diets. Eighteen participants consumed the three diets (72% Black; mean age 60.4 years; mean body mass index 35.7 kg/m2). Results showed no effect of the diets on intestinal inflammation (fecal calprotectin) or circulating iron, inflammation, and metabolic markers. Pairwise comparisons revealed less community diversity between samples (beta diversity, calculated from 16S rRNA amplicon sequences) among participants when consuming a diet low in iron and high in saturated fat vs. when consuming a diet high in iron and saturated fat. More studies are needed to investigate if dietary iron represents a salient target for CRC prevention among individuals with obesity.

Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimens have grown in popularity; however, very few studies have examined their weight-loss efficacy. We conducted the first human trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03867773) to compare the effects of two popular forms of TRF (4 and 6 h) on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors. Adults with obesity were randomized to 4-h TRF (eating only between 3 and 7 p.m.), 6-h TRF (eating only between 1 and 7 p.m.), or a control group (no meal timing restrictions). After 8 weeks, 4- and 6-h TRF produced comparable reductions in body weight (∼3%), insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, versus controls. Energy intake was reduced by ∼550 kcal/day in both TRF groups, without calorie counting. These findings suggest that 4- and 6-h TRF induce mild reductions in body weight over 8 weeks and show promise as interventions for weight loss. These diets may also improve some aspects of cardiometabolic health.

Complementariedade do escore NUTRIC modificado com ou sem proteína C-reativa e avaliação subjetiva global na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos / Complementarity of modified NUTRIC score with or without C-reactive protein and subjective global assessment in predicting mortality in critically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa na identificação de pacientes em risco nutricional e na predição da mortalidade entre pacientes críticos. Avaliou-se também o risco de óbito com agrupamento dos pacientes segundo o risco nutricional e a desnutrição detectada pela avaliação subjetiva global. Métodos: Estudo de coorte em pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. O risco nutricional foi avaliado por meio do escore NUTRIC modificado e uma versão do escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. Aplicou-se avaliação subjetiva global para diagnóstico de desnutrição. Calculou-se a estatística de Kappa e construiu-se uma curva ROC considerando o NUTRIC modificado como referência. A validade preditiva foi avaliada considerando a mortalidade em 28 dias (na unidade de terapia intensiva e após a alta) como desfecho. Resultados: Estudaram-se 130 pacientes (63,05 ± 16,46 anos, 53,8% do sexo masculino). Segundo o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa, 34,4% foram classificados como escore alto, enquanto 28,5% dos pacientes tiveram esta classificação com utilização do NUTRIC modificado. Segundo a avaliação subjetiva global, 48,1% dos pacientes estavam desnutridos. Observou-se concordância excelente entre o NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (Kappa = 0,88; p < 0,001). A área sob a curva ROC foi igual a 0,942 (0,881 - 1,000) para o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. O risco de óbito em 28 dias estava aumentado nos pacientes com escores elevados pelo NUTRIC modificado (HR = 1,827; IC95% 1,029 - 3,244; p = 0,040) e pelo NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (HR = 2,685; IC95% 1,423 - 5,064; p = 0,002). Observou-se elevado risco de óbito nos pacientes com alto risco nutricional e desnutrição, independentemente da versão do NUTRIC aplicada. Conclusão: A concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa foi excelente. Além disto, a combinação da avaliação com um escore NUTRIC mais avaliação subjetiva global pode aumentar a precisão para predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the concordance between the modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein instruments in identifying nutritional risk patients and predicting mortality in critically ill patients. The risk of death in patient groups was also investigated according to nutritional risk and malnutrition detected by subjective global assessment. Methods: A cohort study of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Nutritional risk was assessed by modified NUTRIC and a version of NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. Subjective global assessment was applied to diagnose malnutrition. Kappa statistics were calculated, and an ROC curve was constructed considering modified NUTRIC as a reference. The predictive validity was assessed considering mortality in 28 days (whether in the intensive care unit or after discharge) as the outcome. Results: A total of 130 patients were studied (63.05 ± 16.46 years, 53.8% males). According to NUTRIC with C-reactive protein, 34.4% were classified as having a high score, while 28.5% of patients had this classification with modified NUTRIC. According to SGA 48.1% of patients were malnourished. There was excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (Kappa = 0.88, p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was equal to 0.942 (0.881 - 1.000) for NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. The risk of death within 28 days was increased in patients with high modified NUTRIC (HR = 1.827; 95%CI 1.029 - 3.244; p = 0.040) and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (HR = 2.685; 95%CI 1.423 - 5.064; p = 0.002) scores. A high risk of death was observed in patients with high nutritional risk and malnutrition, independent of the version of the NUTRIC score applied. Conclusion: An excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein was observed. In addition, combining NUTRIC and subjective global assessment may increase the accuracy of predicting mortality in critically ill patients.

Complementarity of modified NUTRIC score with or without C-reactive protein and subjective global assessment in predicting mortality in critically ill patients. / Complementariedade do escore NUTRIC modificado com ou sem proteína C-reativa e avaliação subjetiva global na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concordance between the modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein instruments in identifying nutritional risk patients and predicting mortality in critically ill patients. The risk of death in patient groups was also investigated according to nutritional risk and malnutrition detected by subjective global assessment. METHODS: A cohort study of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Nutritional risk was assessed by modified NUTRIC and a version of NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. Subjective global assessment was applied to diagnose malnutrition. Kappa statistics were calculated, and an ROC curve was constructed considering modified NUTRIC as a reference. The predictive validity was assessed considering mortality in 28 days (whether in the intensive care unit or after discharge) as the outcome. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were studied (63.05 ± 16.46 years, 53.8% males). According to NUTRIC with C-reactive protein, 34.4% were classified as having a high score, while 28.5% of patients had this classification with modified NUTRIC. According to SGA 48.1% of patients were malnourished. There was excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (Kappa = 0.88, p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was equal to 0.942 (0.881 - 1.000) for NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. The risk of death within 28 days was increased in patients with high modified NUTRIC (HR = 1.827; 95%CI 1.029 - 3.244; p = 0.040) and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (HR = 2.685; 95%CI 1.423 - 5.064; p = 0.002) scores. A high risk of death was observed in patients with high nutritional risk and malnutrition, independent of the version of the NUTRIC score applied. CONCLUSION: An excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein was observed. In addition, combining NUTRIC and subjective global assessment may increase the accuracy of predicting mortality in critically ill patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa na identificação de pacientes em risco nutricional e na predição da mortalidade entre pacientes críticos. Avaliou-se também o risco de óbito com agrupamento dos pacientes segundo o risco nutricional e a desnutrição detectada pela avaliação subjetiva global. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte em pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. O risco nutricional foi avaliado por meio do escore NUTRIC modificado e uma versão do escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. Aplicou-se avaliação subjetiva global para diagnóstico de desnutrição. Calculou-se a estatística de Kappa e construiu-se uma curva ROC considerando o NUTRIC modificado como referência. A validade preditiva foi avaliada considerando a mortalidade em 28 dias (na unidade de terapia intensiva e após a alta) como desfecho. RESULTADOS: Estudaram-se 130 pacientes (63,05 ± 16,46 anos, 53,8% do sexo masculino). Segundo o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa, 34,4% foram classificados como escore alto, enquanto 28,5% dos pacientes tiveram esta classificação com utilização do NUTRIC modificado. Segundo a avaliação subjetiva global, 48,1% dos pacientes estavam desnutridos. Observou-se concordância excelente entre o NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (Kappa = 0,88; p < 0,001). A área sob a curva ROC foi igual a 0,942 (0,881 - 1,000) para o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. O risco de óbito em 28 dias estava aumentado nos pacientes com escores elevados pelo NUTRIC modificado (HR = 1,827; IC95% 1,029 - 3,244; p = 0,040) e pelo NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (HR = 2,685; IC95% 1,423 - 5,064; p = 0,002). Observou-se elevado risco de óbito nos pacientes com alto risco nutricional e desnutrição, independentemente da versão do NUTRIC aplicada. CONCLUSÃO: A concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa foi excelente. Além disto, a combinação da avaliação com um escore NUTRIC mais avaliação subjetiva global pode aumentar a precisão para predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos.