ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the culinary content of key messages contained in food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) available at the global online repository of the FAO of the UN. DESIGN: Document analysis was conducted in August 2021 with data extraction of key messages explicitly related to cooking present in FBDG. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. SETTING: The FAO's global repository of FBDG. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. RESULTS: Just over half (n 39; 53·4 %) of the seventy-three FBDG analysed included at least one key message about cooking. The Latin American and Caribbean FBDG presented the greatest amount and variety of content about cooking in the key messages, whereas the Near East and North America placed less emphasis on cooking. We identified three themes: (i) healthy food preparation (n 35; 61·4 % of the fifty-seven culinary key messages identified); (ii) food hygiene (n 14; 24·6 %) and (iii) the promotion of culinary practices (n 7; 12·3 %). Albania's key message covered two themes (food hygiene and healthy food preparation) (n 1; 1·8 %). CONCLUSION: FBDG are official documents that express recommendations for a healthy diet. As most of these recommendations throughout the world include foods that must be cooked prior to consumption, culinary content should gain more visibility and be presented more broadly in these official documents.
ABSTRACT
The empowerment of home cooking has been recently approached in the literature as pertaining to cooking skills and the capacity to overcome social, physical, and economic obstacles. However, thus far no studies have related the State's role in this important health-promoting home practice, namely healthy cooking. We aim to elaborate on the concept and develop a multilevel conceptual model of cooking autonomy (CMCA) in order to relate the State's role in healthy home cooking. This is a theoretical-conceptual study consisting of three phases: conceptual elaboration, expert panel consultation, and content validity of the CMCA developed in this study. A comprehensive literature review worked as the theoretical and conceptual basis, featuring Amartya Sen's human capability approach. A total of 28 experts issued their opinions in listening workshops and interviews. Cooking autonomy was defined as the capacity to think, to decide, and to act to prepare meals from scratch, influenced by interpersonal relations, environment, cultural values, access to opportunities, and guarantee of rights. The CMCA has six levels, differing according to the degree of participation of an individual. We also present two charts with examples of the agent's practices and actions that can be developed by the State in the public policy sphere. As a pioneering model in the international literature, the CMCA provides the conceptual basis for the development of studies and interventions on cooking autonomy, focusing not only on individual skills, but also on the role of public policies for healthy home cooking.
Subject(s)
Cooking , Meals , Brazil , Health Status , Humans , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
The empowerment of home cooking has been recently approached in the literature as pertaining to cooking skills and the capacity to overcome social, physical, and economic obstacles. However, thus far no studies have related the State's role in this important health-promoting home practice, namely healthy cooking. We aim to elaborate on the concept and develop a multilevel conceptual model of cooking autonomy (CMCA) in order to relate the State's role in healthy home cooking. This is a theoretical-conceptual study consisting of three phases: conceptual elaboration, expert panel consultation, and content validity of the CMCA developed in this study. A comprehensive literature review worked as the theoretical and conceptual basis, featuring Amartya Sen's human capability approach. A total of 28 experts issued their opinions in listening workshops and interviews. Cooking autonomy was defined as the capacity to think, to decide, and to act to prepare meals from scratch, influenced by interpersonal relations, environment, cultural values, access to opportunities, and guarantee of rights. The CMCA has six levels, differing according to the degree of participation of an individual. We also present two charts with examples of the agent's practices and actions that can be developed by the State in the public policy sphere. As a pioneering model in the international literature, the CMCA provides the conceptual basis for the development of studies and interventions on cooking autonomy, focusing not only on individual skills, but also on the role of public policies for healthy home cooking.
El empoderamiento de cocinar en el hogar se ha tratado recientemente en la literatura como una cuestión dentro del ámbito de las habilidades para cocinar y la capacidad para superar obstáculos sociales, físicos, y económicos. No obstante, hasta ahora ningún estudio ha relacionado el papel del Estado para esta importante práctica de promoción de la salud en el hogar, denominada cocina sana. Nuestro objetivo ha sido elaborar el concepto y desarrollar un modelo conceptual multinivel de autonomía culinaria (MCAC), con el fin de relacionar el papel del estado para la cocina sana en el hogar. Se trata de un estudio teórico-conceptual consistente en tres fases: elaboración conceptual, consulta de panel de expertos, y validez del contenido del MCAC desarrollado en este ejercicio. La revisión general de la literatura sirvió como base teórica y conceptual, destacando el enfoque basado en las capacidades de Amartya Sen. Un total de 28 expertos proporcionaron sus opiniones escuchando talleres y entrevistas. La autonomía culinaria se definió como la capacidad para pensar, decidir, y actuar para preparar comidas desde cero, influenciada por las relaciones interpersonales, el ambiente, valores culturales, acceso a oportunidades, y garantía de derechos. El MCAC cuenta con seis niveles, diferenciados según el grado de participación individual del agente. También presentamos dos tablas con ejemplos de las prácticas y acciones de los agentes que se pueden desarrollar por parte del Estado en la esfera de políticas públicas. Como modelo pionero en la literatura mundial, el MCAC proporciona la base conceptual para el desarrollo de estudios e intervenciones en la autonomía culinaria, centrándose no solo en las habilidades individuales, sino también en el papel de las políticas públicas para la cocina sana en el hogar.
O empoderamento na culinária doméstica tem sido tratado recentemente, na literatura específica sobre o tema, como uma questão de domínio de habilidades culinárias e de capacidade em superar obstáculos sociais, físicos e econômicos. Ainda não há, contudo, estudos que relacionem o papel do Estado a essa importante prática promotora de saúde em casa, que é o cozinhar saudável. Desse modo, este trabalho adotou como objetivos elaborar o conceito e desenvolver o modelo conceitual multinível de autonomia culinária (MCAC), a fim de relacionar o papel do Estado à prática da culinária saudável em casa. Trata-se de um estudo teórico-conceitual dividido em três fases: elaboração conceitual, consulta a painel de especialistas e validação de conteúdo do MCAC desenvolvido neste trabalho. Ampla revisão bibliográfica serviu de base teórica e conceitual, com destaque para a abordagem das capacidades humanas de Amartya Sen. No total, 28 especialistas opinaram em oficinas de escuta e em entrevistas. A autonomia culinária foi definida como a capacidade de pensar, decidir e agir para preparar refeições em casa, usando majoritariamente alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, sob a influência das relações interpessoais, do meio ambiente, dos valores culturais, do acesso a oportunidades e da garantia de direitos. O MCAC possui seis níveis, que diferem entre si quanto ao grau de participação do agente. Além do MCAC, são apresentados dois quadros que fornecem exemplos de práticas do agente e de ações que podem ser desenvolvidas no âmbito de políticas públicas pelo Estado. Pioneiro na literatura mundial, o MCAC apresentado fornece as bases conceituais para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e intervenções sobre o assunto, não apenas focando nas habilidades individuais, mas também no papel das políticas públicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cooking , Meals , Brazil , Health Status , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
This study identified adults' cooking practices patterns and tested their associations with children's consumption of ultra-processed foods. Cross-sectional study conducted with 551 adult-child pairs from São Paulo, Brazil. Children's food consumption was collected through dietary recalls. Adults' cooking practices were identified using a questionnaire developed for the Brazilian's context. Principal Component Analysis has been employed to identify cooking patterns and linear regression models (crude and adjusted for sociodemographic variables) have been used to test associations between pattern's scores and contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy at dinners. Three cooking patterns were identified: "Healthy", "Usual" and "Convenience". The first two patterns reflected behaviors of people who mostly cook "from scratch". Only the Healthy pattern (confidence to cook several meals using fresh foods and natural seasonings; healthier cooking techniques) was inversely associated with ultra-processed food consumption (ß = -4.1; p = 0.002), whereas the Convenience pattern (less frequency and time to cook, using microwave and ready-to-heat meals) was positively associated with (ß = 3.6; p = 0.008). Our results suggest that cooking at home, as an isolated action, is not enough to protect the consumption of ultra-processed foods. To promote healthy eating among children, the adults' cooking practices should be aligned with the preparation of meals made "from scratch", taking into account the healthiness of what is being cooked.
