Beyond biomass production: Enhancing biodiversity while capturing carbon in short rotation coppice poplar plantations.

Biodiversity is essential for the functioning of ecosystems and the provision of services. In recent years, the role of plantations in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration has been highlighted. In the Mediterranean area, high-density poplar plantations in short-rotation with resprouting management (SRC) have been established for biomass purposes on mostly irrigated agricultural land, coexisting with rainfed and irrigated agricultural crops. This study aims to assess the contribution of these plantations to this type of agroforest ecosystem in terms of biodiversity. For this purpose, both flora and fauna diversity were evaluated both within and outside of the plantation. Additionally, the accumulated carbon in the biomass, as well as in the accompanying vegetation within the plantation, was assessed. Different indices were used to evaluate both the intrinsic diversity of the forest plantation and the degree of substitution and complementarity between the different communities of the landscape. Our findings reveal distinct biodiversity patterns in the land-use scenarios sampled. Specifically, we observed significantly higher flora-species richness in SRC plantations than in the adjacent agricultural land, whereas fauna richness showed a similar but slightly higher level in the forested area. A moderate level of complementarity between land uses was found for insects and mammals (around 45 %), contrasting with high complementarity for birds (87 %) and flora (90 %). This suggests substantial turnover and replacement among these ecological environments. Our results indicate that a second rotation (4 year) plantation could accumulate a total of 61.6 Mg C ha-1, and even though adventitious flora represents <2 % of the total carbon accumulated, its importance in providing ecosystem services is considerable. Hence, these findings evidence the fact that SRC poplar plantations can enhance biodiversity in Mediterranean agroforest ecosystems and actively contribute to various provisioning ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, reflecting a multi-objective approach that extends beyond biomass production.

FT-spectroscopy of the 12C18O rare isotopologue and deperturbation analysis of the A1Π(v = 3) level.

Research on 12C18O was carried out using two complementary Fourier-transform methods: (1) vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, with an accuracy ca. 0.03 cm-1 on the DESIRS beamline (SOLEIL synchrotron) and (2) visible emission spectroscopy with an accuracy of about 0.005-0.007 cm-1 by means of the Bruker IFS 125HR spectrometer (University of Rzeszów). The maximum rotational quantum number of the energy levels involved in the observed spectral lines was Jmax = 54. An effective Hamiltonian and the term-value fitting approach were implemented for the precise analysis of the A1Π(v = 3) level in 12C18O. It was performed by means of the PGOPHER code. The data set consisted of 571 spectral lines belonging to the A1Π-X1Σ+(3, 0), B1Σ+-A1Π(0, 3), C1Σ+-A1Π(0, 3) bands and several lines involving states that perturb the A1Π(v = 3) level as well as to the previously analysed B1Σ+-X1Σ+(0, 0) and C1Σ+-X1Σ+(0, 0) transitions. A significantly extended quantum-mechanical description of the A1Π(v = 3) level in 12C18O was provided. It consists of the 5 new unimolecular interactions of the spin-orbit and rotation-electronic nature, which had not been taken into account previously in the literature. The ro-vibronic term values of the A1Π(v = 3, Jmax = 55), a'3Σ+(v = 13), D1Δ(v = 4) and I1Σ-(v = 5) levels were determined with precision improved by a factor of 10 relative to the previously known values.

CETP gene polymorphisms and haplotypes are explanatory variables for HDL cholesterol level in sickle cell disease.

Variations in lipid profile have been observed in sickle cell disease (SCD) and understanding their relationship with disease severity is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms of the CETP gene and laboratory markers of disease severity with lipid profile in a pediatric population with SCD. Biochemical and anthropometric analyses and CETP and alpha-thalassemia genotyping were performed. The study included 133 children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA) or hemoglobin SC disease (SCC), in steady-state. The SCA and no hydroxyurea (no HU) groups had higher values of ApoB, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) compared to the SCC and HU groups. However, there were no significant differences in ApoA1 and HDL-C levels between the groups based on genotype. Furthermore, the groups with altered levels of ApoA1, HDL-C, and the triglyceride/HDL ratio exhibited lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels and higher white blood cell counts. Hb level was associated to HDL-C levels. Analysis of CETP gene variants showed that the minor alleles of rs3764261 (C>A), rs247616 (C>T), and rs183130 (C>T), as well as the TTA haplotype, are explanatory variables for HDL-C levels. These findings suggested that dyslipidemia in SCD, specifically related to HDL-C levels, may be influenced by individual genetic background. Additionally, further investigation is needed to determine if clinical manifestations are impacted by CETP gene variants.

CETP gene polymorphisms and haplotypes are explanatory variables for HDL cholesterol level in sickle cell disease

Variations in lipid profile have been observed in sickle cell disease (SCD) and understanding their relationship with disease severity is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms of the CETP gene and laboratory markers of disease severity with lipid profile in a pediatric population with SCD. Biochemical and anthropometric analyses and CETP and alpha-thalassemia genotyping were performed. The study included 133 children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA) or hemoglobin SC disease (SCC), in steady-state. The SCA and no hydroxyurea (no HU) groups had higher values of ApoB, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) compared to the SCC and HU groups. However, there were no significant differences in ApoA1 and HDL-C levels between the groups based on genotype. Furthermore, the groups with altered levels of ApoA1, HDL-C, and the triglyceride/HDL ratio exhibited lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels and higher white blood cell counts. Hb level was associated to HDL-C levels. Analysis of CETP gene variants showed that the minor alleles of rs3764261 (C>A), rs247616 (C>T), and rs183130 (C>T), as well as the TTA haplotype, are explanatory variables for HDL-C levels. These findings suggested that dyslipidemia in SCD, specifically related to HDL-C levels, may be influenced by individual genetic background. Additionally, further investigation is needed to determine if clinical manifestations are impacted by CETP gene variants.

The schistosomicidal activity of ethanolic extracts from branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) plant and metabolic profile characterization by UPLC-ESI-QTOF analysis.

Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, is a severe and widely distributed parasitic disease, affecting about 200 million people worldwide. The disease is recognized by elevated mortality rates, especially among those living in areas of poor sanitation. Currently, the chemotherapeutic treatment is solely based on using the praziquantel drug. Therefore, there is a need for the discovery of new medicines for the treatment of this parasitosis. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the schistosomicidal activity of ethanolic crude extracts from the branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC.) Masttos and characterize its metabolic profile by UPLC-ESI-QTOF analysis. Evaluation of plant extract on S. mansoni was carried out in adult worms in vitro, in which the mortality rate was quantified, and the damages in the tegument of the worms were monitored. All extracts induced changes in the viability of adult males of S. mansoni, causing the death of the parasites, which was directly dependent of the concentration.

Assessing the potential of poplar short rotation plantations to contribute to a low-carbon bioeconomy under water-limited conditions.

Poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) systems are important for biomass production and for short-to medium-term carbon (C) sequestration, contributing to a low-carbon bioeconomy and thus helping to mitigate global warming. The productivity and profitability of these plantations are, however, challenged under restrictive irrigation associated with climate change. This study compares the above- and below-ground C sequestration potential and economic viability of a 12-year plantation cycle (4 rotations of 3 years each) under Mediterranean conditions with optimum irrigation (T1) and 50% irrigation reduction (T2), analysing other promising biomass uses in the form of bioproducts. A total of 138 trees of the highly productive hybrid ('AF2') in a SRC-trial were sampled monthly (first rotation). Additionally, data from an extensive poplar plantation network (30 sites) was used to complete data for the plantation cycle. The average C content for above- and below-ground biomass was 17.04 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (T1), falling by 24% in T2. The net present value (NPV) in T1 (6461 € ha-1) was 52% lower under T2 conditions. Extra payments for C sequestration increased the NPV to 8023 for T1 and 4331 € ha-1 for T2. Roots represent an important C storage in the soil, accumulating 29.9 Mg C ha-1 (T1) and 22.8 Mg C ha-1 (T2) by the end of the cycle in our study. The mitigation potential is strongly fortified when the share of bioproducts in biomass end-use increases. Assuming a distribution of 50% bioenergy and 50% bioproducts, emission were reduced between -114 Mg CO2eq ha-1 (T1) and -88 Mg CO2eq ha-1 (T2) compared to BAU until end of the century. This scenario plays a crucial sink-effect role by storing C contained in biomass, which is not immediately released into the atmosphere.

Antifungal effect of (R) and (S)-citronellal enantiomers and their predictive mechanism of action on Candida albicans from voriconazole-resistant onychomycoses.

Onychomycosis is the most common disease affecting the nail unit and accounts for at least 50% of all nail diseases. In addition, Candida albicans is responsible for approximately 70% of onychomycoses caused by yeasts. This study investigated the antifungal effect of (R) and (S)-citronellal enantiomers, as well as its predictive mechanism of action on C. albicans from voriconazole-resistant onychomycoses. For this purpose, in vitro broth microdilution and molecular docking techniques were applied in a predictive and complementary manner to the mechanisms of action. The main results of this study indicate that C. albicans was resistant to voriconazole and sensitive to the enantiomers (R) and (S)-citronellal at a dose of 256 and 32 µg/mL respectively. In addition, there was an increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the enantiomers in the presence of sorbitol and ergosterol, indicating that these molecules possibly affect the integrity of the cell wall and cell membrane of C. albicans. Molecular docking with key biosynthesis proteins and maintenance of the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane demonstrated the possibility of (R) and (S)-citronellal interacting with two important enzymes: 1,3-ß-glucan synthase and lanosterol 14α-demethylase. Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the (R) and (S)-citronellal enantiomers are fungicidal on C. albicans from onychomycoses and probably these substances cause damage to the cell wall and cell membrane of these micro-organisms possibly by interacting with enzymes in the biosynthesis of these fungal structures.

Bone mineral density in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study in a Brazilian sample.

BACKGROUND: We aim to investigate the relationship between bone mass in a sample of Brazilian individuals with DS and handgrip strength, body mass index (BMI) and physical exercise. METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray emission densitometry analysis of bone mass in 26 individuals with DS (8 men and 18 women with a mean age of 30.7 ± 10.3 years) was conducted. Additionally, weight and height were measured to determine BMI, palmar grip strength was measured using a Jammar dynamometer®, and physical activity was classified using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: In this sample, 2/15 (13.3%) individuals with age between 18 to 29 years had low BMD in the spine; 2/8 (25%) of those with age between 30 and 39 years also had low BMD in the spine and 2/3 (66.6%) with age ≥40 had low BMD in the femur. There were significant correlations between palmar grip strength and Z femoral neck score in women (P = 0.02) and between BMI and Z femoral neck score in men (P = 0.04). All other correlations lacked statistical significance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian patients with DS showed a high prevalence of low bone mass. Traditional factors such as muscle strength, BMI and physical activity appear to have little effect on bone mineral density in this population.

Development of a non-titration potentiometric method for the determination of acidity in vinegar.

The acidity of a solution is associated with the concentration of Brønsted acids. This work proposes a new non-titrimetric potentiometric method using citrate buffer for the determination of vinegar acidity. The difference between the pH values before and after the addition of a diluted vinegar sample to 10 mmol L-1 citrate buffer (pH 5.5) was related to the acetic acid concentration. The dynamic range of the quadratic analytical curve was from 3.5 to 20 mmol L-1 (R2 = 0.998). The repeatability was 0.8% for acetic acid at 0.01 mol L-1. Comparison with the conventional titration method showed an error between 0.7% and 4.64% (n = 9) for analysis of commercial vinegar samples The behaviour of the system could be explained using the buffering function.

Acute stress anticipates and amplifies the luteinizing hormone pre-ovulatory surge in rats: Role of noradrenergic neurons.

The stress experienced during rape seems to facilitate ovulation since the pregnancy rate in raped women is higher than that resulting from consensual intercourse. Adrenal progesterone, as well as central norepinephrine, is released in stressful situations. At adequate estrogenic levels, one of the main actions of progesterone is to anticipate the preovulatory LH surge through noradrenaline release. We aimed to investigate whether acute stresses that mimic those of rape (exposure to predator, restraint and cervix stimulation) applied on the proestrus morning in female rats could release progesterone, activate the noradrenergic neurons and facilitate the occurrence of the LH surge. Female rats were submitted to jugular vein cannulation immediately following acute stress: restraint (R), exposure to cat (P), uterine cervix stimulation (CS) applied individually or in association (SA). Non-stressed rats were used as control. Blood samples were collected from 11:00-18:00 h for LH, progesterone, corticosterone and estradiol measurements. Double labeling for c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in A1, A2 and A6 noradrenergic neurons after stresses. The SA group showed a greater stress-induced increase in progesterone compared to the other groups and the preovulatory LH surge was anticipated and amplified. This effect of SA seems to be related to the higher number of c-Fos/TH + neurons in the A1 and A2. The effect of anticipating the preovulatory surge of LH could in part elucidate why, in raped women, conception can occur in phases of the menstrual cycle other than the ovulatory phase facilitating the occurrence of pregnancies.

Clinical Evaluation of Lithium Disilicate Veneers Manufactured by CAD/CAM Compared with Heat-pressed Methods: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lithium disilicate veneers for esthetic restorations show great accuracy and similarity, regardless of the type of fabrication technique.

Hematoma subdural intracraneal tras punción dural accidental: caso clínico / Intracranial subdural haematoma following dural puncture accidental: clinical case

El hematoma subdural intracraneal es una complicación rara de los procedimientos neuroaxiales, aunque potencialmente letal. Considerando la elevada frecuencia de las técnicas neuroaxiales en la población obstétrica, las parturientas son más susceptibles a esta temida complicación. A menudo, el diagnóstico está enmascarado y se demora, dado que comparte características clínicas similares con la cefalea de la pospunción dural, de las que la cefalea es el síntoma más común. En este caso clínico se describe el diagnóstico oportuno y el manejo exitoso de un hematoma subdural intracraneal, tras una punción dural accidental durante la analgesia epidural para el parto. La cefalea posparto tras la analgesia epidural sigue siendo una dificultad clínica para el equipo de cuidados, que precisa seguimiento estrecho y concienciación sobre las causas no benignas, que requieren un manejo rápido, para evitar consecuencias nefastas.(AU)

Intracranial subdural hematoma is a rare, but potentially lethal complication of neuraxial procedures. Considering the high frequency of neuraxial techniques in the obstetric population, parturients are more susceptible to this fearful complication. The diagnosis is often masked and delayed because it shares similar clinical characteristics with posdural puncture headache, with headache being the most common symptom. This case report describes a timely diagnosis and successful management of an intracranial subdural hematoma, after unintentional dural puncture during labour epidural analgesia. Postpartum headache following epidural analgesia, remains a clinical challenge for the caring team, requiring a close follow-up and awareness for non-benign causes that require prompt management, avoiding devastating consequences.(AU)

Intracranial subdural haematoma following dural puncture accidental: clinical case. / Hematoma subdural intracraneal tras punción dural accidental: caso clínico.

Intracranial subdural hematoma is a rare, but potentially lethal complication of neuraxial procedures. Considering the high frequency of neuraxial techniques in the obstetric population, parturients are more susceptible to this fearful complication. The diagnosis is often masked and delayed because it shares similar clinical characteristics with posdural puncture headache, with headache being the most common symptom. This case report describes a timely diagnosis and successful management of an intracranial subdural hematoma, after unintentional dural puncture during labour epidural analgesia. Postpartum headache following epidural analgesia, remains a clinical challenge for the caring team, requiring a close follow-up and awareness for non-benign causes that require prompt management, avoiding devastating consequences.

Decrease of the DXR-induced genotoxicity and nongenotoxic effects of Theobroma cacao revealed by micronucleus assay.

This study evaluated the genotoxicity of lyophilized glycolic extract of Theobroma cacao Linné seeds (TCL), using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between TCL and doxorubicin (DXR) was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24-48 h after treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0.5-2 g/kg), and TCL (2 g/kg) in combination with DXR (antigenotoxic assays). Analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) showed no significant differences between all the treatment doses of TCL and NaCl control. Mice experimentally treated with DXR and NEU significantly induced MNPCEs. However, a significant reduction of MNPCEs was also observed when TCL was administered in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent DXR. The analysis of the PCE/NCE ratio revealed no significant differences between the NaCl control, all doses of TCL, and DXR. However, there were significant differences in the PCE/NCE ratio between positive NEU control and all other treatments. The PCE/NCE ratio observed after treatment with TCL and DXR showed significant differences and intermediate values to controls (NaCl and NEU). This study suggests absence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TCL, regardless of dose, sex, and time. TCL reduced genotoxic effects induced by DXR, suggesting potential antigenotoxic effects.

Decrease of the DXR-induced genotoxicity and nongenotoxic effects of Theobroma cacao revealed by micronucleus assay / Diminuição da genotoxicidade induzida por DXR e efeitos não genotóxicos de Theobroma cacao revelados pelo ensaio de micronúcleo

This study evaluated the genotoxicity of lyophilized glycolic extract of Theobroma cacao Linné seeds (TCL), using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between TCL and doxorubicin (DXR) was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24-48 h after treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0.5-2 g/kg), and TCL (2 g/kg) in combination with DXR (antigenotoxic assays). Analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) showed no significant differences between all the treatment doses of TCL and NaCl control. Mice experimentally treated with DXR and NEU significantly induced MNPCEs. However, a significant reduction of MNPCEs was also observed when TCL was administered in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent DXR. The analysis of the PCE/NCE ratio revealed no significant differences between the NaCl control, all doses of TCL, and DXR. However, there were significant differences in the PCE/NCE ratio between positive NEU control and all other treatments. The PCE/NCE ratio observed after treatment with TCL and DXR showed significant differences and intermediate values to controls (NaCl and NEU). This study suggests absence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TCL, regardless of dose, sex, and time. TCL reduced genotoxic effects induced by DXR, suggesting potential antigenotoxic effects.

Este estudo avaliou a genotoxicidade do extrato glicólico liofilizado de sementes de Theobroma cacao Linné (TCL), usando o ensaio do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos. A interação entre TCL e doxorrubicina (DXR) foi também analisada. Grupos experimentais foram avaliados 24-48 h após tratamento com N-Nitroso-N-etilureia (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0,5-2 g/kg), e TCL (2 g/kg) em combinação com DXR (ensaio antigenotóxico). As análises de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPCMNs) não mostraram diferenças significantes entre todas as doses de tratamento do TCL e o controle NaCl. Camundongos experimentalmente tratados com DXR e NEU induziram significativamente EPCMNs. Contudo, uma redução significante de EPCMNs foi também observada quando TCL foi administrada em combinação com o agente quimioterapêutico DXR. As análises da relação EPC/ENC (eritrócito policromático/eritrócito normocromático) revelaram ausência de diferenças significantes entre o controle NaCl, todas as doses de TCL e DXR. Contudo, houve diferenças significantes na relação EPC/ENC entre o controle positivo NEU e todos os outros tratamento. A relação ECP/ENC observada após o tratamento com TCL e DXR mostrou diferenças significantes e valores intermediários aos controles (NaCl e NEU). Este estudo sugere ausência de genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade de TCL, independentemente da dose, sexo e tempo. TCL reduziu os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos por DXR, sugerindo potencial efeitos antigenotóxicos.

Understanding the electric and nonelectric field components of the cation effect on the electrochemical CO reduction reaction.

Electrolyte cations affect the activity of surface-mediated electrocatalytic reactions; however, understanding the modes of interaction between cations and reaction intermediates remains lacking. We show that larger alkali metal cations (excluding the thickness of the hydration shell) promote the electrochemical CO reduction reaction on polycrystalline Cu surfaces in alkaline electrolytes. Combined reactivity and in situ surface-enhanced spectroscopic investigations show that changes to the interfacial electric field strength cannot solely explain the reactivity trend with cation size, suggesting the presence of a nonelectric field strength component in the cation effect. Spectroscopic investigations with cation chelating agents and organic molecules show that the electric and nonelectric field components of the cation effect could be affected by both cation identity and composition of the electrochemical interface. The interdependent nature of interfacial species indicates that the cation effect should be considered an integral part of the broader effect of composition and structure of the electrochemical interface on electrode-mediated reactions.

Sazonalidade e rotas de coleta influenciam a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido, a densidade e a crioscopia do leite fornecido a um laticínio no Norte de Minas Gerais / [Seasonality and collection routes influence the occurrence of non-acid unstable milk, the density and cryoscopy of milk supplied to a dairy industry in northern Minas Gerais]

Objetivou-se avaliar, nos meses, nas estações do ano e nas rotas de coleta, a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido (LINA) e de outras classes de leite, de acidez titulável, densidade e crioscopia em 10.654 resultados de laticínio localizado em Montes Claros, MG. Em rotas de coleta, agruparam-se:a)Bocaiúva; Brasília de Minas, Coração de Jesus e São João da Lagoa; b) Capitão Enéas e Janaúba; Francisco Sá; c) Icaraí de Minas e São Francisco; d)Juramento e Glaucilândia; e) Montes Claros; f) Pedras de Maria da Cruz, Japonvar, Lontra e São João da Ponte;e g) Ubaí. Foram avaliados frequências das classes de leite, teste do álcool, acidez titulável, densidade e crioscopiapor mês, estação do ano e rota. Com testes de qui-quadrado e análises de variância, verificou-se influência de mês, estação do ano e rota em acidez titulável, densidade e crioscopia. Análises de correspondência múltipla descreveram a associação de classes de leite e mês ou rotas e de teste do álcool, acidez titulável, densidade e crioscopia em relação às estações do ano.Por regressão logística, calculou-se probabilidade de ocorrência de LINA por grupos de meses e de rotas. Houve maior porcentagem de amostras dentro da normalidade. Resultados normais, LINA, amostras alcalinas e ácidas foram, respectivamente, 79,46%; 12,93%; 4,14% e 3,48% de 10.271 resultados. Positividade ao teste do álcool (n=10.561) foi mais frequente no final do inverno. LINA associou-se à transição da seca para chuva, com maior chance de ocorrência em setembro e janeiro. As rotas de Brasília de Minas, Icaraí de Minas e Ubaí apresentaram maiores desconformidades e probabilidades para ocorrência de LINA.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in the months, seasons and collection routes, the occurrence of non-acidic unstable milk (UNAM) and other milk categories, titratable acidity, density and cryoscopy in 10,654 samples from a dairy industry located in Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. Municipalities were grouped in collection routes: a) Bocaiúva; Brasília de Minas, Coração de Jesus and São João da Lagoa; b) Capitão Enéas and Janaúba; c) Francisco Sá; Icaraí de Minas and São Francisco; d) Juramento and Glaucilândia; e) Montes Claros; f) Pedras de Maria da Cruz, Japonvar, Lontra and São João da Ponte and g) Ubaí. The milk category frequencies and alcohol test, titratable acidity, density and cryoscopy of milk by months, season and routes were evaluated. Chi-square tests and variance analysis showed the influence of month, season and route on titratable acidity, density and cryoscopy. Multiple correspondence analyzes described the association of milk and month or routes and alcohol test categories, titratable acidity, density and cryoscopy in relation to the seasons. The probability of occurrence of LINA by month and route groups was calculated by logistic regression. There were a higher percentage of samples within the normal range. Normal, UNAM, alkaline and acid milk results were respectively 79.46, 12.93, 4.14 and 3.48% of 10,271 results. Alcohol test positivity (n=10,561) was more frequent in late winter. UNAM was associated with the transition from drought to rainy season, most likely to occur in September and January. The Brasília de Minas, Icaraí de Minas and Ubaí routes presented higher nonconformities and probabilities for UNAM occurrence.(AU)

Insecticide Rotation and Adaptive Fitness Cost Underlying Insecticide Resistance Management for Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Rotation of insecticide modes of action is recommended to delay selection for insecticide resistance. In this study, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) were exposed alternately to spinetoram and metaflumizone with insecticidal and biological response determined. Five generations (G) were evaluated with at least 200 larvae assayed per treatment. The experiment consisted of rearing field-collected and untreated larvae (M-Control), larvae with successive applications of either metaflumizone (M-MET) or spinetoram (M-SPI), and alternation of these insecticides (M-Rotation treatment) consisting of the following treatments: G2 = exposure to SPI, G3 = exposure to MET, G4 = exposure to SPI, G5 = exposure to MET, and G6 = exposure to SPI. Four days after application, those surviving larvae were used to compose the following generations. In the G7, evaluations were made on the selected populations M-MET, M-SPI, M-Rotation, and control larvae to determine biological characteristics used to calculate the fertility life table parameters and further comparisons across treatments. The frequency of resistance was increased at rate of 49.5% and 29.2% after five generations of selection pressure with MET and SPI, respectively. However, rotation of insecticides reduced the frequency of resistance about 50% over the generations. Individuals originated from successive exposures to the insecticides exhibited delayed egg incubation, greater percentage of pupae with deformation, longer larval and pupal periods, and reduction in emergence rate and longevity of adults, suggesting adaptive costs associated with resistance.