Phylogenetic analysis of Monascus and new species from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees.

The genus Monascus was described by van Tieghem (1884) to accommodate M. ruber and M. mucoroides, two species with non-ostiolate ascomata. Species delimitation in the genus is still mainly based on phenotypic characters, and taxonomic studies that include sequence data are limited. The genus is of economic importance. Species are used in fermented Asian foods as food colourants (e.g. 'red rice' (ang-kak, angka)) and found as spoilage organisms, and recently Monascus was found to be essential in the lifecycle of stingless bees. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied combining morphological characters, ITS, LSU, ß-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit sequences and extrolite data, to delimit species and to study phylogenetic relationships in Monascus. Furthermore, 30 Monascus isolates from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees in Brazil were included. Based on this polyphasic approach, the genus Monascus is resolved in nine species, including three new species associated with stingless bees (M. flavipigmentosus sp. nov., M. mellicola sp. nov., M. recifensis sp. nov., M. argentinensis, M. floridanus, M. lunisporas, M. pallens, M. purpureus, M. ruber), and split in two new sections (section Floridani sect. nov., section Rubri sect. nov.). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the xerophile Monascus eremophilus does not belong in Monascus and monophyly in Monascus is restored with the transfer of M. eremophilus to Penicillium (P. eremophilum comb. nov.). A list of accepted and excluded Monascus and Basipetospora species is given, together with information on (ex-)types cultures and barcode sequence data.

Effects of the carrier frequency of interferential current on pain modulation and central hypersensitivity in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Interferential current (IFC) is commonly used for pain relief, but the effects of carrier frequency of the current and its action on pain mechanisms remain unclear. This randomized placebo-controlled trial tested the effects of IFC in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain. METHODS: One hundred and fifty participants were randomly allocated into three groups: 1 kHz, 4 kHz and placebo. The primary outcomes were pain intensity at rest in the first session (immediate effect of the IFC), after 12 sessions, 4 months after randomization (follow-up) and during movement (first and last session). The secondary outcomes were disability, global perceived effect, functional performance, discomfort caused by the IFC, use of analgesics and physiological measures of pain. RESULTS: Only during the first session, there was a significant decrease in pain intensity in the active groups. However, there were no differences in the improvement of pain at rest or during movement in the active groups compared to the placebo group in the remaining sessions. The frequency use of analgesics was significantly decreased in the active groups. For pain physiology measures, there was a significant increase in pressure pain thresholds in both active groups compared to the placebo group and a reduction in the temporal summation in the 1 kHz group compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that although the IFC has changed some physiological mechanisms of pain and showed decrease frequency use of pain medication, there was no change in the primary aim, pain intensity. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: The interferential current (IFC) presented advantages in the physiological measures of pain and showed decrease frequency use of pain medication. Future studies should investigate analgesic intake with IFC treatment.

Electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of Ti-15Mo alloy in naturally-aerated solutions, containing chloride and fluoride ions.

The electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of Ti-15Mo alloy to applications as biomaterials in solutions 0.15 mol L(-1) Ringer, 0.15 mol L(-1) Ringer plus 0.036 mol L(-1) NaF and 0.036 mol L(-1) NaF (containing 1,500 ppm of fluoride ions, F(-)) were investigated using open-circuit potential, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Corrosion resistance and electrochemical stability of the Ti-15Mo alloy decreased in solutions containing F(-) ions. In all cases, there were formation and growth of TiO2 and MoO3 (a protector film), not being observed pitting corrosion, which might enable Ti-15Mo alloys to be used as biomedical implant, at least in the studied conditions, since the electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance of the passive films formed are necessary conditions for osseointegration.

Use of molecular markers to compare Fusarium verticillioides pathogenic strains isolated from plants and humans.

Fusarium verticillioides is a pathogen of agriculturally important crops, especially maize. It is considered one of the most important pathogens responsible for fumonisin contamination of food products, which causes severe, chronic, and acute intoxication in humans and animals. Moreover, it is recognized as a cause of localized infections in immunocompetent patients and disseminated infections among severely immunosuppressed patients. Several molecular tools have been used to analyze the intraspecific variability of fungi. The objective of this study was to use molecular markers to compare pathogenic isolates of F. verticillioides and isolates of the same species obtained from clinical samples of patients with Fusarium mycoses. The molecular markers that we used were inter-simple sequence repeat markers (primers GTG5 and GACA4), intron splice site primer (primer EI1), random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (primer OPW-6), and restriction fragment length polymorphism-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from rDNA. From the data obtained, clusters were generated based on the UPGMA clustering method. The amplification products obtained using primers ITS4 and ITS5 and loci ITS1-5.8-ITS2 of the rDNA yielded fragments of approximately 600 bp for all the isolates. Digestion of the ITS region fragment using restriction enzymes such as EcoRI, DraI, BshI, AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, and PstI did not permit differentiation among pathogenic and clinical isolates. The inter-simple sequence repeat, intron splice site primer, and random amplified polymorphic DNA markers presented high genetic homogeneity among clinical isolates in contrast to the high variability found among the phytopathogenic isolates of F. verticillioides.

Avaliação de modelos de predição da energia metabolizável do milho para suínos / Evaluating models to predict the metabolizable energy of maize for swine

Os objetivos propostos no presente trabalho foram a validação da predição de modelos de regressão linear de 1º grau, dos valores estimados de energia metabolizável (EM) em função dos valores observados de EM do milho, obtidos em ensaios biológicos com suínos. Setenta e quatro registros de composição química e energética do milho foram obtidos na literatura e utilizados para estimar a EM de 41 modelos de predição em função da composição química. A significância dos parâmetros (β0 e β1) da regressão foi avaliada pelo teste t parcial, e a validação da predição dos modelos de 1º grau foi obtida pela aceitação da hipótese de nulidade conjunta β0=0 e β1=1. Os modelos EM7 = 1,099 + 0,740EB - 5,5MM - 3,7FDN; EM9 = 16,13 - 9,5FDN + 16EE + 23PB*FDN - 138MM*FDN e EM13 = 5,42 - 17,2FDN - 19,4MM + 0,709EB são os mais adequados para estimar os valores de EM do milho e podem ser utilizados como ferramenta para formulação de rações para suínos.

The proposed objective of this study was to validate the prediction of linear regression models of the first degree, the estimated values of metabolizable energy (ME) regarding the observed ME values of maize obtained in biological assays with swine. Seventy four records of chemical and energetic composition of maize were obtained from literature and used to estimate the ME of 41 prediction models depending on the chemical composition. The significance of the regression parameters (β0and β1)was evaluated by partial t test and the prediction validation of first degree models was obtained by accepting the null hypothesis β0=0 and β1=1. The ME7= 1.099 + 0.740GE - 5.5MM - 3.7NDF; ME9= 16.13 - 9.5NDF + 16EE + 23CP*NDF - 138MM* NDF and ME13= 5.42 - 17.2 NDF - 19.4MM + 0.709GE models are the most adequate to estimate the metabolizable energy of maize and can be used as a tool to formulate diets for swine.

Contagem bacteriana total do leite em diferentes sistemas de ordenha e de resfriamento / Total bacterial count of milk in different systems of milking and cooling

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de ordenha e de resfriamento na contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e na quantidade de leite com CBT ≤ 105, que representa leite de alta qualidade. Um total de 12.221 registros de CBT do leite foi obtido de uma indústria láctea da região Oeste do Paraná, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2006. Após as coletas, a qualidade do leite foi analisada em laboratório pelo método de citometria de fluxo. Os dados de CBT foram classificados por sistema de ordenha, tipo de resfriador e intervalos da CBT, segundo critério da Instrução Normativa 62, e submetidos à análise de independência de Qui-Quadrado. As proporçõesde CBT do leite entre tipos de resfriadores, em cada sistema de ordenha, foram comparadas utilizando-se a estatística calculada Z. Observou-se menor (p < 0,01) valor de CBT do leite de vacas submetidas à ordenha canalizada e do leite resfriado a granel. A proporção das amostras de leite avaliadas nos três níveis de CBT resfriadas por sistema de imersão não diferiu (p = 0,1549) do leite resfriado a granel, quando o leite foi obtido de rebanhos ordenhados por ordenha canalizada. A alta qualidade microbiológica do leite da região Oeste do Paraná é obtida quando os produtores utilizam em suas propriedades rurais a ordenha canalizada e o sistema de resfriamento a granel.

Total bacterial count of milk in different systems of milking and cooling. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of milking systems and cooling on total bacterial count (TBC), and the amount of milk samples with TBC ≤ 105, which represents high-quality milk. A total of 12,221 records of milk TBC were obtained from a dairy industry in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil, from January to October 2006. After the sampling was conducted, the milk quality was analyzed in the laboratory by the method of flow cytometry. The TBC data wereclassified by milking system, type of coolers and intervals of the TBC, in accordance with Normative Instruction 62, and submitted to the chi-square test for independence. The proportions of milk TBC among types of coolers at each milking system were compared using the calculated statistic Z. A lower TBC value (p < 0.01) was observed in milk obtained from cows milked using a piped system and from bulk cooled milk. The proportion of milk samples evaluated at three levels of TBC cooled by the immersion system did not differ (p = 0.1549) from bulk cooled milk when the milk was obtained from herds milked with a piped system. The best microbiological quality of milk in the western region of Paraná was achieved with a piped milking system and bulk cooling.

Balanço eletrolítico da dieta e desempenho de frangos em condições naturais de estresse calórico / Electrolyte balance of diets under performance of broiler in naturals conditions of heat stress

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de eletrólitos sobre o desempenho de frangos, utilizando bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) e cloreto de potássio (KCl) para ajuste do balanço eletrolítico da dieta (BED) com duas porcentagens de proteína bruta (PB). Utilizaram-se 800 frangos machos, alojados em 20 boxes, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e 40 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: dieta basal; dieta sem redução de PB suplementada com eletrólitos para ajuste do BED para 250mEq/kg; dieta com redução de PB, sem suplementação de eletrólitos; e dieta com redução de PB, com eletrólitos para ajuste do BED para 250mEq/kg. Foram avaliados: consumo da dieta, peso final, ganho de peso, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e calórica e eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio e lisina nas fases de sete a 21 e de sete a 42 dias. Não se observaram diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo da dieta. A correção do BED com menor teor de PB melhorou (P<0,05) o peso final, na fase inicial. Houve piora (P<0,05) no ganho de peso e na conversão alimentar nas duas fases. A redução de três pontos percentuais na PB da dieta piorou o desempenho dos frangos.

The effect of the supplementation of electrolytes on de performance of broilers using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KC1) to adjust the electrolytic balance of the diet (BED) with two percentages of raw protein (PB) was studied. 800 male broiler chickens, housed in 20 boxes, distributed in random lineation, with four treatments, five repetitions and 40 birds per experimental unit were used. The treatments were: base diet; diet with no reduction of PB supplemented with electrolytes to adjust BED to 250mEq/kg; diet with a reduction of PB, with no electrolyte supplementation; and diet with the reduction of PB, with electrolytes to adjust the BED to 250mEq/kg. What was evaluated was: diet consumption, final weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, food conversion and caloric efficiency of the use of nitrogen and lysine in phases from 7 to 21 and 7 to 42 days. No differences were observed (P>0.05) in diet consumption. The correlation of BED with the lower percentage of PB improved (P<0.05) the final weight in the initial phase. Weight gain and food conversion worsened (P<0.05) in both phases. The reduction of three percentage points in the PB in the diet worsened the broiler chicken's performance.

Polymorphism in Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer-RFLP, ISSR and intron markers.

Isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae were characterized using internal transcribed spacer-RFLP, ISSR and intron splice site primers. Thirty-seven isolates were studied, most of which were obtained from the sugar cane pest, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) from Tangará da Serra, Southwest Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Internal transcribed spacer-RFLP did not differentiate the isolates of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae, while ISSR and intron primers identified three distinct groups. Variability among these groups was 96% for (GTG)(5) and 100% for the other primers. We found considerable genetic variability, even among isolates from the same geographical origin and host.

Differential expression of genes involved in entomopathogenicity of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae and M. anisopliae var. acridum (Clavicipitaceae).

Expression analysis of the genes involved in germination, conidiogenisis and pathogenesis of Metarhizium anisopliae during its saprophytic and pathogenic life stages can help plan strategies to increase its efficacy as a biological control agent. We quantified relative expression levels of the nitrogen response regulator gene (nrr1) and a G-protein regulator of genes involved in conidiogenesis (cag8), using an RT-qPCR assay. Comparisons were made between M. anisopliae var. anisopliae and M. anisopliae var. acridum during germination and conidiogenesis and at different stages of pathogenesis. The cag8 gene was repressed during germination and induced during conidial development and the pathogenic phase, and the nrr1 gene was induced during germination, conidiogenesis and the pathogenic phase. Both genes were more expressed in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae, demonstrating that different varieties of M. anisopliae differ in activation of genes linked to virulence for certain environments and hosts. This suggests that differences among these varieties in the ability to adapt could be attributed not only to specific genomic regions and genes, but also to differential gene expression in this fungus, modulating its ability to respond to environmental stimuli.

Pathogenicity for onion and genetic diversity of isolates of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Phyllachoraceae) from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Onion anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the main diseases of onions in the State of Pernambuco. We examined the pathogenicity of 15 C. gloeosporioides strains and analyzed their genetic variability using RAPDs and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA region. Ten of the strains were obtained from substrates and hosts other than onion, including chayote (Sechium edule), guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum), water from the Capibaribe River, maracock (Passiflora sp), coconut (Cocus nucifera), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora), and marine soil; five isolates came from onions collected from four different regions of the State of Pernambuco and one region of the State of Amazonas. Pathogenicity tests were carried out using onion leaves and bulbs. All strains were capable of causing disease in leaves, causing a variable degree of lesions on the leaves; four strains caused the most severe damage. In the onion bulb tests, only three of the above strains caused lesions. Seven primers of arbitrary sequences were used in the RAPD analysis, generating polymorphic bands that allowed the separation of the strains into three distinct groups. The amplification products generated with the primers ITS1 and ITS4 also showed polymorphism when digested with three restriction enzymes, DraI, HaeIII and MspI. Only the latter two demonstrated genetic variations among the strains. These two types of molecular markers were able to differentiate the strain from the State of Amazonas from those of the State of Pernambuco. However, there was no relationship between groups of strains, based on molecular markers, and degree of pathogenicity for onion leaves and bulbs.

pelB gene in isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from several hosts.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important pathogen for a great number of economically important crops. During the necrotrophic phase of infection by Colletotrichum spp, the degradative enzymes of plant cell walls, such as pectate lyase, clearly increase. A gene pelB that expresses a pectate lyase was identified in isolates of C. gloeosporioides in avocado pathogens. Various molecular studies have identified a kind of specialization of C. gloeosporioides isolates with specific hosts; however, there have been no studies of this gene in isolates from hosts other than avocado. The same is true for other species of Colletotrichum. We examined genetic variability in order to design primers that would amplify pelB gene fragments and compared the products of this amplification in C. gloeosporioides isolates from different hosts. Genetic variability was assessed using ISSR primers; the resultant data were grouped based on the UPGMA clustering method. Primers for the pelB gene were designed from selected GenBank sequences using the Primer 3 program at an annealing temperature of 60 degrees C and product amplification of nearly 600 bp. The ISSR primers were efficient in demonstrating the genetic variability of the Colletotrichum isolates and in distinguishing C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum and C. sublineolum species. The gene pelB was found in C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum and C. sublineolum. Amplified restriction fragments using MspI did not reveal differences in pelB gene structure in isolates from the three different host species that we investigated.

Electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance of Ti-Mo alloys for biomedical applications.

Electrochemical behavior of pure Ti and Ti-Mo alloys (6-20wt.% Mo) was investigated as a function of immersion time in electrolyte simulating physiological media. Open-circuit potential values indicated that all Ti-Mo alloys studied and pure Ti undergo spontaneous passivation due to spontaneously formed oxide film passivating the metallic surface, in the chloride-containing solution. It also indicated that the addition of Mo to pure Ti up to 15wt.% seems to improve the protection characteristics of its spontaneous oxides. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies showed high impedance values for all samples, increasing with immersion time, indicating an improvement in corrosion resistance of the spontaneous oxide film. The fit obtained suggests a single passive film present on the metals' surface, improving their resistance with immersion time, presenting the highest values to Ti-15Mo alloy. Potentiodynamic polarization showed a typical valve-metal behavior, with anodic formation of barrier-type oxide films, without pitting corrosion, even in chloride-containing solution. In all cases, the passive current values were quite small, and decrease after 360h of immersion. All these electrochemical results suggest that the Ti-15Mo alloy is a promising material for orthopedic devices, since electrochemical stability is directly associated with biocompatibility and is a necessary condition for applying a material as biomaterial.

Genetic characterization of Brazilian strains of Aspergillus flavus using DNA markers.

The Aspergillus genus belongs to a filamentous fungal group characterized by wide dispersion in the environment. Some species are associated with diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients, while others are of economical importance due to aflatoxin production or biotechnological applications. Its species identification is nowadays performed by traditional techniques combined with molecular markers, resulting in a higher efficiency of isolate characterization. In the present study, internal transcribed spacer, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers were used, with the aim of genetically characterizing strains of Aspergillus flavus and strains of other species of the A. flavus group. High genetic diversity was revealed by RAPD and by ISSR, in which the use of the (GACA)4 primer yielded a higher diversity than with the (GTG)5 primer, although the latter showed a characteristic banding profile for each species. These data were used to create a similarity matrix for the construction of dendrograms by means of the UPGMA method. The ISSR and RAPD profiles showed that among the strains previously identificated as A. flavus, one should be A. oryzae, one A. parasiticus and two A. tamarii. On the other hand, a strain previously identified as A. parasiticus should be A. flavus. All these strains were retested by traditional methods and their new species identification was confirmed. These results strongly support the need for using molecular markers as an auxiliary tool in differentiating fungal species and strains.

Determinação da energia metabolizável de diferentes alimentos testados em codornas japonesas fêmeas / Metabolizable energy for different foodstuffs tested in japanese female quails

Determinaram-se os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida por retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn) de sete alimentos testados em dietas para codornas japonesas. Utilizaram-se 280 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica) fêmeas, com idade inicial de 26 dias, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições e sete codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de sete dietas experimentais e uma dieta referência. Cada dieta experimental foi constituída, na base da matéria natural, por 70 por cento da dieta referência e 30 por cento do alimento a ser testado, à exceção da dieta contendo óleo de soja degomado, que substituiu 10 por cento da dieta referência, na base da matéria natural. Os valores de EMA e EMAn (kcal por kg de matéria natural) foram: 3.124 e 3.122 (milho moído), 3.152 e 3.102 (colorífico), 2.980 e 2.947 (quirera de arroz), 8.065 e 7.940 (óleo de soja degomado), 2.633 e 2.651 (farelo de soja), 2.477 e 2.492 (semente de linhaça) e 1.323 e 1.274 (casca + polpa de abacaxi), respectivamente.

Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn) were determined in seven foodstuffs tested in japanese quail feedings. Two hundred and eighty japanese female quails (Coturnix japonica), twenty-six-days-old were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with five replicates and seven quails per experimental unit. The treatments consisted on seven experimental diets and one reference diet. Each experimental diet was constituted, as fed basis, of 70 percent of the reference diet and 30 percent of food in test, except for the diet containing soy bean oil without phospholipid, which replaced 10 percent of the reference diet, as fed basis. The values of AME and AMEn (kcal/kg of fed basis) were: 3.124 and 3.122 (ground corn), 3.152 and 3.102 (spice), 2.980 and 2.947 (broken rice grains), 8.065 and 7.940 (soy bean oil without phospholipids), 2.633 and 2.651 (soybean meal), 2.477 and 2.492 (linseed meal) and 1.323 and 1.274 (peel and pulp of pineapple), respectively.

Exigências de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável para codornas japonesas machos criadas para a produçäo de carne / Energy and protein requirements for male Japanese quails reared for meat production

O experimento objetivou estimar as exigências de proteína bruta (PB) e energia metabolizável (EM) para máximo desempenho de machos de codornas japonesas criadas para a produçäo de carne e determinaçäo da idade de abate que resultasse em peso máximo das aves. Quatrocentos e cinqüenta codornas foram utilizadas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições de seis codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos, de dietas formuladas a partir da combinaçäo de cinco níveis de PB (18, 20, 22, 24 e 26 por cento) e três níveis de EM (2800, 3000 e 3200kcal/kg de raçäo), foram alocados nas parcelas e os quatro períodos experimentais nas sub-parcelas. As variáveis estudadas durante os quatro períodos (5 a 16; 16 a 27; 27 a 38 e 38 a 49 dias de idade) foram consumo de raçäo (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversäo alimentar (CA) e peso vivo (PV). No período total (5 a 49 dias de idade) foram estudados consumo de raçäo acumulado (CRA), ganho de peso acumulado (GPA) e conversäo alimentar acumulada (CAA). As exigências estimadas de PB e EM durante o primeiro (5 a 16) e terceiro (27 a 38) períodos foram 26 e 2800 e 18 por cento e 3200kcal/kg de raçäo, respectivamente. A exigência de PB no segundo período (16 a 27 dias de idade) foi de 26 por cento, näo sendo possível estimar a exigência energética. No quarto (38 a 49 dias de idade) período experimental a exigência estimada de EM foi de 3200kcal/kg de raçäo, näo sendo possível estimar a exigência protéica. No período total as exigências protéica e energética, estimadas para máximos ganhos de peso acumulados, foram de 26 por cento e 3200kcal/kg de raçäo, respectivamente. As idades estimadas que resultaram em PV máximo dependeram do nível de PB e de EM da dieta, variando de 57 a 85 e 60 a 74 dias, respectivamente

Trichoderma spp. en el control biológico de colletotrichum lindemuthianum (sacc.etmagn.) Scribb, agente de la antracnosis del frijol (phaseolus vulgaris l.) / Trichoderma spp. in the biological control of colletotrichum lindemuthianum (sacc. etmagn.) scribb, agent of the bean anthracnose (phaseolus vulgaris l.)

Para seleccionar especies de trichoderma con mejor desempeño antagónico sobre razas de colletotrichum lindemutianum in vitro, fueron utilizadas las técnicas de cultivos pareados y la del papel celofán. Se utilizaron las especies de trichoderma harzianum (t25), t. koniingii (t15), t. pseudokonigii (t26), t.aureoviride (t10) y t. viride (tr2), además de las razas de colletotrichum lindemuthianum Ba2 y Ba10. En el test de apareamiento, se verificó que las 5 especies de trichoderma, causaron alteraciones morfológicas en las hifas de las 2 razas del fitopatógeno, evidenciando un posible antagonismo. El test del papel celofán, con la raza Ba2, mostró que t.harzianum y t. viridem, causaron una disminución apreciable en el diametro de las colonias, en relación a las otras especies. Con la raza Ba10, se verificó que t. koningii, t. harzianum, t. aureoviride y t. viride, causaron una disminución apreciable en los diámetros de las colonias en orden creciente, siendo t. viride la más eficiente. T. pseudokoningii, no causó reducciones apreciables sobre la raza ba10