Urgências e emergências em saúde mental: a experiência do Núcleo de Saúde Mental do SAMU/DF / Urgencies and emergencies in mental health: the experience of the SAMU / DF Mental Health Center

INTRODUÇÃO: A demanda crescente de atendimento a pessoas com transtornos mentais, aliada a uma política de garantia de direitos e proteção dessas pessoas, fomentou a criação de um serviço de saúde mental no SAMU/DF. MÉTODO: Por meio de teleatendimento e de uma viatura tripulada por equipe multiprofissional, o serviço surgiu em 2013 e se tornou 24h em julho de 2016. Capacitações são oferecidas a profissionais para cobrir um déficit de formação. RESULTADOS: Prevenção do suicídio e de agravos psíquicos, redução de remoções e internações hospitalares, maior encaminhamento à rede e otimização dos recursos. CONCLUSÃO: Trata-se de importante ferramenta de apoio à rede que merece ser ampliada futuramente.

Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Solution on Bacterial Load and Biofilm in Venous Leg Ulcers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) solution as a wound cleanser on bacterial load and bacterial biofilm in venous leg ulcers. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The target population was adults attending the dermatology outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample comprised 44 patients with venous leg ulcers recruited over a 6-month period. METHODS: Participants were divided into 2 groups: the intervention group had their wounds cleansed with PHMB, and the control group had their wound cleansed with a 0.9% saline solution. Tissue fragments of the wounds were collected for bacteriological analysis; transmission electron microscopy was used to identify the presence of biofilm. RESULTS: The bacterial load was reduced in both groups compared to baseline values; no significant difference was found when groups were compared. Correlation analysis between wound duration (months), wound area (cm²), necrosis (%), variables, and bacterial count (colony forming units [CFUs]/g) after cleansing showed a significant relationship between area of the wound and CFUs/g (P = .0070, r = 0.51). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of bacterial biofilm in the wounds after cleansing with both solutions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that both PHMB and saline solution are effective in reducing the bacterial load in venous leg ulcers. However, bacterial biofilm was present after cleansing with both solutions. These findings provide important evidence regarding effectiveness of 2 common wound cleansers on bacterial presence in wounds.

Effects of uremic solutes on reactive oxygen species in vitro model systems as a possibility of support the renal function management.

BACKGROUND: In view of the prevalence of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, the loss of low-molecular-weight biomolecules by hemodialysis and the antioxidant potential of some uremic solutes that accumulate in CKD, we used in vitro model systems to test the antioxidant potential of the following uremic solutes: uric acid, hippuric acid, p-cresol, phenol, methylguanidine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, creatinine and urea. METHODS: The in vitro antioxidant efficiencies of the uremic solutes, isolated or in mixtures, were tested with the following assays: i) ABTS radical cation decolorization assay; ii) hypochlorous acid (HOCl/OCl(-)) scavenging activity; iii) superoxide anion radical (O2(•-)) scavenging activity; iv) crocin bleaching assay (capture of peroxyl radical, ROO(•)); v) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity. RESULTS: Four of the tested uremic solutes (p-cresol, phenol, L-tyrosine, uric acid) were effective antioxidants and their IC50 were found in three model systems: ABTS(•+), HOCl/OCl(-) and crocin bleaching assay. In the 4-solutes mixtures, each one of the solute captured 12.5% for the IC50 of the mixture to ABTS(•+) or HOCl/OCl(-), exhibiting a virtually exact additive effect. In the 2-solutes mixtures, for ROO(•) capture, it was observed the need of more mass of uremic solutes to reach an IC50 value that was higher than the projected IC50, obtained from the IC50 of single solutes (25% of each, in the binary mixtures) in the same assay. In model systems for O2(•-) and H2O2, none of the uremic solutes showed scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the IC50 as an analytical tool to prepare and analyze mixtures allows the determination of their scavenging capacities and may be useful for the assessment of the antioxidant status of biological samples under conditions of altered levels of the endogenous antioxidant network and/or in the employment and monitoring of exogenous antioxidant therapy.

Nicotine-enhanced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and its components by myeloperoxidase/H2O2/Cl- system.

In this study, the effect of nicotine on the LDL oxidation by the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system and the effect of HOCl on LDL and some of its components, such as methyl linoleate, vitamin E and the amino acid tryptophan were explored. Nicotine, in micromolar concentrations, enhanced the tryptophan oxidation, either present in LDL or free, in solution. Nicotine also decreased the formation of conjugated dienes and oxygen consumption in a methyl linoleate / HOCl system, and there was evidence to suggest an increase in chlorohydrin formation. Acceleration of the vitamin E oxidation by HOCl was also observed in the presence of nicotine. These data show that the interaction of nicotine and HOCl can promote significant biochemical modifications in LDL particle and some of its components involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and other diseases.

Chemical identification and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of fixed oil extracted from Rhinella jimi.

CONTEXT: The toad Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) (Bufonidae) is used in traditional medicine to treat a number of illnesses (inflammation, infections, and wounds) in humans as well as animals. OBJECTIVES: The present work examined the antimicrobial actions of the extracted oils from the body fat of R. jimi (ORJ) against fungi and standard and multi-resistant lines of bacteria, as well as their effects when combined with aminoglycosides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The toads were collected in the municipality of Exu in Pernambuco State, Brazil, and their body fat oils extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using hexane. A gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer was used to identify the fatty acids, based on their methyl esters. The antimicrobial activities of the oil were analyzed against standard and multi-resistant lines of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as against fungal lines of Candida albicans and Candida krusei using the broth micro-dilution method. RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ORJ were 512 µg/mL for Candida krusei and ≥1024 µg/mL for the other microorganisms. When associated with amikacin, ORJ demonstrated an increase in its ability to inhibit E. coli growth (from 156.25 to 39.06 µg/mL), indicating synergistic interaction. In the same way, when allied with amikacin, gentamicin, and neomycin, the ORJ reduced the MICs meaningly, against P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: These data will enable searches to be made to obtain new products in combination with antibiotics, enhancing the efficacy of these drugs against drug-resistant microorganisms.

Preliminary in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of afzelin, kaempferitrin and pterogynoside action over free radicals and reactive oxygen species.

Biological activities of flavonoids have been extensively reviewed in literature. The biochemical profile of afzelin, kaempferitrin, and pterogynoside acting on reactive oxygen species was investigated in this paper. The flavonoids were able to act as scavengers of the superoxide anion, hypochlorous acid and taurine chloramine. Although flavonoids are naturally occurring substances in plants which antioxidant activities have been widely advertised as beneficial, afzelin, kaempferitrin, and pterogynoside were able to promote cytotoxic effect. In red blood cells this toxicity was enhanced, depending on flavonoids concentration, in the presence of hypochlorous acid, but reduced in the presence of 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) free radical. These flavonoids had also promoted the death of neutrophils, which was exacerbated when the oxidative burst was initiated by phorbol miristate acetate. Therefore, despite their well-known scavenging action toward free radicals and oxidants, these compounds could be very harmful to living organisms through their action over erythrocytes and neutrophils.

Apoio institucional e cogestão: a experiência da Política Nacional de Humanização no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil / Institutional support and co-management: the experience of the National Humanization Policy in Brazilian Health System (BHS) at the Federal District (FD), Brazil / Apoyo institucional y cogestión: la experiencia de la Política Nacional de Humanización del Sistema de Salud brasileño (SUS) en el Distrito Federal (DF)

O apoio institucional no Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil, realizado por consultores da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH), do Ministério da Saúde (MS), de 2008 a 2013, iniciou-se no Hospital de Base (HBDF), terciário, estendendo-se à Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde (SAS). A intervenção objetivou mudanças nos modelos de atenção e gestão e, consequentemente, fortalecimento da Rede SUS no DF. No HBDF foram implementadas diretrizes (Cogestão, Acolhimento, Ambiência) e dispositivos (visita aberta e direito ao acompanhante, Conselho Gestor, Colegiado Gestor, Acolhimento e Classificação de Risco, Programa de Formação em Saúde e Trabalho/PFST). Na SAS implementou-se o apoio ao enfrentamento de superlotação nas portas de Urgência e Emergência dos hospitais da rede e à constituição de Colegiado Gestor em redes de atenção prioritárias. Ressalta-se a importância da adesão dos dirigentes para a implementação da PNH e a realização dos resultados desejados...

The Institutional support in the FD, Brazil, conducted by consultants from the National Humanization Policy of the Ministry of Health from 2008 to 2013 began at the Hospital de Base and was extended to the Health Care Department. It aimed at changes in the models of care and management and, therefore, at strengthening the BHS. At the Hospital de Base, guidelines (as Co-management, Hospitality) and mechanisms (as Management Council, Management Board) were implemented. In the Health Care Department the support to dealing with overcrowding in the Urgency and Emergency sectors of the network’s hospitals and to the establishment of co-management were implemented. We emphasize the importance of the managers’ adhesion to guarantee the implementation of the National Humanization Policy and the achievement of the expected results...

El apoyo institucional de la Política Nacional de Humanización (PNH), del Ministerio de la Salud, en DF, Brasil, de 2008 a 2013, comenzó en el hospital de base (HBDF) y se extendió hasta la Secretaría de Atención a la Salud (SAS). Fue dirigido a los cambios en los modelos de atención y gestión, y el fortalecimiento del SUS. En HBDF se llevaron a cabo las directrices (Cogestión, Hospitalidad, Ambiente) y dispositivos (Visita Abierta y Derecho a Acompañante, Colegiado Gestor, Consejo Gestor, Acogida y Clasificación de Riesgo y el Programa de Formación en Salud y Trabajo). En SAS, se ha implementado soporte para hacer frente a la superpoblación de la Urgencia y Emergencia y para la creación del Colegiado Gestor. Insistimos en la importancia de la adhesión de los gestores para la aplicación de la PNH y consecución de los resultados deseados...

Ascorbic acid iontophoresis for chondral gain in rats with arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cellularity and thickness of the articular cartilage of the femur in rats with arthritis after treatment with iontophoresis. METHODS: To evaluate these objectives, a histological analysis was performed on hematoxylin and eosin, where cellularity and cartilage thickness were observed and evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by manual counting by 700.09µm² area. RESULTS: The group treated with IAA had normal cellularity (40.1 cells/µm(2)) and maintenance of non-calcified cartilage (75.5µm), suggesting normal thickness. The non-treated group C+, on the other hand, had a lower mean number of chondrocytes (13.0µm(2)) (P <0.05) and, when the cartilage thickness was compared, it showed higher average thickness of calcified cartilage (104.8 mm) and lower mean of non-calcified cartilage (53.3µm). CONCLUSION: The use of iontophoresis with L-ascorbic acid by continuous electric current contributed to a quantitative gain of chondrocytes and improved the thickness distribution of calcified and non-calcified cartilage. Level of Evidence III, Case Control Study.

Iontoforese de ácido ascórbico para ganho condral em ratos com artrite / Ascorbic acid iontophoresis for chondral gain in rats with arthritis

Verificar a celularidade e espessura da cartilagem articulardo fêmur em ratos com artrite após terapia por iontoforese.Métodos: Para avaliar estes objetivos, uma análise histológicafoi realizada em hematoxilina e eosina, onde a celularidade e asespessuras da cartilagem foram observadas e avaliadas qualitativae quantitativamente por contagem manual por área de700.09 μm². Resultados: O grupo tratado com IAA obteve normalidadede celularidade (40,1 células/µm²) e manutenção da cartilagemnão calcificada (75,5 μm), sugerindo espessura normal. Ogrupo não tratado C+, por outro lado, apresentou menor médiado número de condrócitos (13.0 µm²), (P <0,05), e em relação àespessura da cartilagem mostrou maior média de cartilagem calcificadacom espessura (104,8 μm) e menor média de cartilagemnão calcificada (53,3 µm) Conclusão: A terapia da iontoforese comL-ácido ascórbico através da corrente elétrica continua contribuiupara um ganho quantitativo de condrócitos e melhorou a distribui-ção de espessuras da cartilagem calcificadas e não calcificadas.Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso Controle...

To examine the cellularity and thickness of the articularcartilage of the femur in rats with arthritis after treatment withiontophoresis. Methods: To evaluate these objectives, a histologicalanalysis was performed on hematoxylin and eosin, wherecellularity and cartilage thickness were observed and evaluatedqualitatively and quantitatively by manual counting by 700.09 μm²area. Results: The group treated with IAA had normal cellularity(40.1 cells/μm2) and maintenance of non-calcified cartilage(75.5 μm), suggesting normal thickness. The non-treated groupC+, on the other hand, had a lower mean number of chondrocytes(13.0 μm2) (P <0.05) and, when the cartilage thickness was compared,it showed higher average thickness of calcified cartilage(104.8 μm) and lower mean of non-calcified cartilage (53.3 μm)Conclusion: The use of iontophoresis with L-ascorbic acid bythe continuous electric current contributed to a quantitative gainof chondrocytes and improved the thickness distribution of calcifiedand non-calcified cartilage. Level of Evidence III, CaseControl Study...

As estratégias coletivas de defesa elaboradas pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem no contexto hospitalarbrasileiro: uma revisão integrativa / The collective defense strategies developed by nursing staff in the Brazilian hospital context: an integrative review

As estratégias coletivas de defesa se apresentam como modos de agir dos trabalhadores frente ao sofrimento, na tentativa de não sucumbir frente a pressões da organização do trabalho. Estas estratégias são construídas coletivamente e integram o arcabouço teórico da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, proposta por Christophe Dejours. A dissertação teve como o objetivo geral analisar as estratégias coletivas de defesa descritas nos estudos empíricos com trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam em hospitais brasileiros. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, que visa realizar uma síntese e análise crítica do conhecimento produzido acerca do objeto estudado. Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases dedados: LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, BDENF e PePSIC, definindo-se o período 1980-2013como marco temporal. Como descritores, foram utilizados os termos “enfermagem” e“trabalho" e como palavras-chave os termos “psicodinâmica”, “estratégias coletivas de defesa” e “sofrimento”. Foram selecionados vinte materiais, sendo quinze artigos, três teses e duas dissertações. Todos os textos baseiam-se em abordagens qualitativas; cinco estudos baseiam-se na proposta metodológica preconizada por Dejours. A entrevista semiestruturada foi a técnica mais comumente utilizada, sendo a análise do conteúdo a técnica de interpretação mais frequente. A análise do material bibliográfico sugere uma tendência ao aumento no número de publicações nos anos mais recentes, com média de 1,1 estudos/ano de 2000 a 2009e média de 1,8 artigos no período 2010-2013. Dentre as publicações relativas a setores específicos do hospital, as Unidades de Terapia Intensiva concentraram o maior número de estudos...

The collective defense strategies are ways of acting against the suffering of workers inan attempt not to succumb to pressures of work organization. These strategies are collectivelyconstructed and integrate the theoretical framework of the psychodynamics of work, proposedby Christophe Dejours. The objective of the dissertation was to analyze the collective defensestrategies described in empirical studies with nursing professionals in Brazilian hospitals. Anintegrative review was performed, which aims to achieve a synthesis and critical analysis ofthe knowledge about the object under study. The following databases were used: LILACS,SciELO, MEDLINE, and BDENF PePSIC, considering the period 1980-2013. The terms"nursing" and "work" were used as descriptors; “psychodynamic" terms "collective defensestrategies" and "suffering" were used as key words. Twenty materials were selected, fifteenarticles, three theses and two dissertations. All texts are based on qualitative approaches; fivestudies based on the proposed methodology advocated by Dejours. A semi-structuredinterview was the most commonly used technique, and content analysis technique was themost frequent method for interpretation. The analysis of bibliographic material suggests atendency to increase in the number of publications in recent years, averaging 1.1 studies/yearfrom 2000 to 2009 and an average of 1.8 studies/year in 2010-2013. Among the publicationsrelated to specific sectors of the hospital, the intensive care units concentrated the largestnumber of studies...

Chemical Composition and Validation of the Ethnopharmacological Reported Antimicrobial Activity of the Body Fat of Phrynops geoffroanus Used in Traditional Medicine.

Background. Phrynops geoffroanus is a small turtle that inhabits lakes, rivers, and streams throughout South America. The body fat of this animal is used as a folk medicine in Brazil for treating illnesses such as sore throats, ear aches, mumps, rheumatism, and arthritis. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Phrynops geoffroanus (OPG), determined its chemical composition, and discussed the implications of its use in traditional medicine. The OPG was obtained from the ventral region of this turtle using hexane as a solvent. The antimicrobial activity of OPG was tested against standard and multiresistance strains of bacteria and fungi and its composition was determined indirectly by analyzing the methyl esters of the component fatty acids. The OPG presented a clinically relevant antifungal activity against Candida krusei ATCC 6258 (MIC 128 µg/mL). When the OPG was associated with the antibacterial and antifungal drugs, was observed a synergistic effect when associated the OPG with the gentamicin against the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22. Our results indicated that OPG has clinically relevant antifungal activity against C. krusei, and demonstrated synergetic antibacterial activity in combination with commercial antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Chemical, enzymatic and cellular antioxidant activity studies of Agaricus blazei Murrill.

Mushrooms possess nutritional and medicinal properties that have long been used for human health preservation and that have been considered by researchers as possible sources of free radical scavengers. In this work, the antioxidant properties of water extracts from Agaricus blazei Murill, produced by maceration and decoction, are demonstrated in vitro. Resistance to oxidation is demonstrated through three mechanisms: i) inhibition of enzymatic oxidative process, with 100% inhibition of HRP (horseradish peroxidase) and MPO (myeloperoxidase); ii) inhibition of cellular oxidative stress, with 80% inhibition of the oxidative burst of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs); and iii) direct action over reactive species, with 62% and 87% suppression of HOCl and superoxide anion radical (O2• -), respectively. From the data, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of A. blazei has significant antioxidant activity, indicating its possible application for nutraceutical and medicinal purposes.

Urinary ATP may be a dynamic biomarker of detrusor overactivity in women with overactive bladder syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, there is a considerable bulk of evidence showing that ATP has a prominent role in the regulation of human urinary bladder function and in the pathophysiology of detrusor overactivity. ATP mediates nonadrenergic-noncholinergic detrusor contractions in overactive bladders. In vitro studies have demonstrated that uroepithelial cells and cholinergic nerves from overactive human bladder samples (OAB) release more ATP than controls. Here, we compared the urinary ATP concentration in samples collected non-invasively from OAB women with detrusor overactivity and age-matched controls. METHODS: Patients with neurologic diseases, history of malignancy, urinary tract infections or renal impairment (creatinine clearance <70 ml/min) were excluded. All patients completed a 3-day voiding diary, a 24 h urine collection and blood sampling to evaluate creatinine clearance. Urine samples collected during voluntary voids were immediately freeze-preserved for ATP determination by the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay; for comparison purposes, samples were also tested for urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) by ELISA. RESULTS: The urinary content of ATP, but not of NGF, normalized to patients' urine creatinine levels (ATP/Cr) or urinary volume (ATP.Vol) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in OAB women with detrusor overactivity (n = 34) than in healthy controls (n = 30). Significant differences between the two groups were still observed by boosting urinary ATP/Cr content after water intake, but these were not detected for NGF/Cr. In OAB patients, urinary ATP/Cr levels correlated inversely with mean voided volumes determined in a 3-day voiding diary. CONCLUSION: A high area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve (0.741; 95% CI 0.62-0.86; P<0.001) is consistent with urinary ATP/Cr being a highly sensitive dynamic biomarker for assessing detrusor overactivity in women with OAB syndrome.

Evaluations of the Antimicrobial Activities and Chemical Compositions of Body Fat from the Amphibians Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro (1926) and Leptodactylus vastus Adolf Lutz (1930) in Northeastern Brazil.

Leptodactylus macrosternum and L. vastus (family: Leptodactylidae) are commonly encountered in the "Caatinga" biome in northern Brazil. The body fat of L. vastus is used as a zootherapeutic for treating a number of human maladies. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of the body fats of L. macrosternum and L. vastus and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities as well as the ecological implications of their use in traditional folk medicine. Oils were extracted from body fat located in the ventral region of L. macrosternum (OLM) and L. vastus (OLV) using hexane as a solvent. The fatty acids were identified by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activities of the oils, either alone or in combination with antibiotics and antifungal drugs, were tested on standard strains of microorganisms as well as on multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. OLM contained 40% saturated and 60% unsaturated fatty acids, while OLV contained 58.33% saturated and 41.67% unsaturated fatty acids. Our results indicated that both OLM and OLV demonstrated relevant antimicrobial activities (with MIC 256 µ g/mL for both) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida krusei. However, no antimicrobial effects were observed when these oils were combined with antibiotics or antifungal drugs.

Dental caries and related factors in Brazilian children from fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas / Cárie dentária e fatores relacionados em crianças brasileiras de região com água fluoretada e não fluoretada

Purpose: To compare the caries prevalence, saliva buffering capacity (SBC), oral hygiene (OH), dietary habits, family income (FI) and frequency of visits to a dental office (Do) between Brazilian children living in areas with and without fluoridated public water supply. Methods: Forty-six 5-7-year-old preschoolers were selected in Itatiba, SP, Brazil; 19 were from a fluoridated area, and 27 were from a non-fluoridated area. The caries index was determined according to the World Health Organization criteria, and the SBC was assessed by titration with hydrochloric acid. The FI, frequency of OH and visits to Do were estimated by questionnaire. The dietary habits were assessed with a diet chart. The differences between the groups were analyzed with Mann-Whitney-U tests (α=0.05). Results: Children from the non-fluoridated area showed significantly higher dmft/DMFT than those from the fluoridated area, but they showed significantly lower SBC, OH frequency and FI. No significant differences were observed between the areas for dietary habits and visits to Do. Conclusion: Children from fluoridated areas showed higher salivary buffering capacity, family income and oral hygiene frequency as well as lower caries prevalence, supporting the beneficial effect of fluoride in the tap water for caries prevention.

Objetivo: Comparar prevalência de cárie, capacidade tamponante da saliva (CTS), higiene bucal (HB), hábitos dietéticos, renda familiar (RF) e frequência de visita a consultórios odontológicos (Co) entre crianças brasileiras residentes em áreas de água de abastecimento público fluoretadas e não fluoretadas. Metodologia: Quarenta e seis crianças entre 5-7 anos foram selecionadas em Itatiba-SP-Brasil, sendo 19 pertencentes à área fluoretada e 27 à área não fluoretada. O índice de cárie foi determinado de acordo com o critério da Organização Mundial de Saúde e a CTS foi medida por titulação com ácido clorídrico. A RF, frequência de HB e visita ao Co foram estimadas por questionário. Os hábitos dietéticos foram avaliados com diário de dieta. As diferenças entre as variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste de Mann Whitney (α=0,05). Resultados: As crianças da área não fluoretada apresentaram significativamente maior ceod/CPOD que àquelas da área fluoretada, porém significativamente menor CTS, HB e RF. Com relação a hábitos dietéticos e visitas ao Co, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as áreas. Conclusão: As crianças da área fluoretada apresentaram maior capacidade tamponante da saliva, renda familiar e frequência de higiene bucal, assim como menor prevalência de cárie, reforçando o efeito benéfico do flúor nas águas de abastecimento para prevenir a cárie.

Salacia campestris root bark extract: peroxidase inhibition, antioxidant and antiradical profile / Salacia campestris extrato da casca da raiz: inibição da peroxidase, antioxidante e anti-radicalar perfil

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical species have been implicated in initiating or accompanying many diseases in living organisms; there is thus, a continual need for antioxidants molecules to inactivate ROS/free radicals. Many studies of plants crude extracts have demonstrated free-radical scavenging and antioxidant action. Salacia species have long been used, in several countries, as traditional medicines against certain diseases and for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, Salacia campestris Walp (Hippocrateaceae) root bark ethanol extract (ScEtOH) was assessed for its ability to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species; the results were expressed as percentage inhibition of the active species. ScEtOH was efficient against studied species: DPPH radical (obtained inhibition = 30 percent), ABTSò+ (IC50 = 1.8±0.8 μg/mL), HOCl (IC50 = 1.7 ± 0.1 μg/mL), O2ò- (obtained inhibition = 32 percent), and NOò (obtained inhibition = 18 percent). Peroxidase activity inhibition was evaluated through the guaiacol oxidation reaction catalyzed by hemin, HRP and myeloperoxidase (MPO); data showed that ScEtOH at 10 μg/mL led to 54 and 51 percent of inhibition, respectively, for the hemin and HRP systems. In the MPO system, ScEtOH promoted a 50 percent inhibition at 8.9 μg/mL, whereas quercetin, a powerful MPO inhibitor, inhibited this system at 1.35 μg/mL.

Espécies reativas do oxigênio (ERO) e radicais livres estão relacionados ao início ou à exacerbação de muitas doenças em organismos vivos; existindo portanto uma necessidade contínua por moléculas antioxidantes que inativem as ERO e radicais livres. Muitos estudos com extratos brutos de plantas têm demonstrado propriedades antioxidantes e sequestradoras de radicais livres. Espécies de Salacia são utilizadas, em muitos países, como remédio tradicional contra certas doenças e por suas propriedades antiinflamatórias. Neste estudo, o extrato bruto etanólico da casca da raiz da Salacia campestris Walp (Hippocrateaceae) foi avaliado quanto à sua habilidade em seqüestrar radicais livres e espécies reativas do oxigênio; os resultados são expressos como porcentagem de inibição das espécies ativas. ScEtOH mostrou-se eficiente frente as espécies estudadas: radical DPPH (inibição obtida = 30 por cento), ABTSò+ (IC50 = 1,8±0,8 μg/mL), HOCl (IC50 = 1,7 ± 0,1 μg/mL), O2ò- (inibição obtida = 32 por cento), and NOò (inibição obtida = 18 por cento). A inibição da atividade peroxidásica foi avaliada através da oxidação do guaiacol catalisada pela hemina, HRP e mieloperoxidase (MPO); os dados mostram que 10 μg/mL de ScEtOH promovem 54 e 51 por cento de inibição, respectivamente para os sistemas da hemina e da HRP. No sistema da MPO, ScEtOH promoveu 50 por cento de inibição na dose de 8,9 μg/mL, enquanto a quercetina, um potente inibidor da MPO promoveu tal inibição com 1,35 μg/mL.

Evaluation of guava during different phases of the industrial processing.

In this work we studied the contents of pectin and protein, pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity, and PME stability in various stages of industrial processing, due to the implication of these values on the quality of the final product. The results of the PME stability at different values of pH showed residual PME activity at alkaline pH (7.0, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.5) and high stability at pH 4.0. These results show that pH treatment is not an efficient method to inactivate the PME enzyme. The presence of residual PME activity in all steps of industrial processing was also verified, showing that PME can change the quality of the pulp during storage.

Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total phenol of exotic fruits occurring in Brazil.

The antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and phenolic content were studied in 10 exotic fruits from Brazil: abiu, acerola, wax jambu, cashew, mamey sapote, carambola or star fruit, Surinam cherry, longan, sapodilla and jaboticaba. The ascorbic acid was determined by 2,6-dichloroindophenol titrimetic methods and total phenols were measured colorimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was investigated with three different methods: hypochlorous acid scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The highest content of vitamin C (1,525.00 mg/100 g pulp) occurred in acerola. The total phenol content was higher in abiu, acerola, Surinam cherry and sapodilla. In relation to antioxidant activity, acerola has showed the great values in all three different methods tested. It was found that the fruits have a significant antioxidant effect when tested by each method, respectively, and these antioxidant capacities are promising. The sample concentration also influenced its antioxidant power.

Pectin methylesterase activity and ascorbic acid content from guava fruit, cv. Predilecta, in different phases of development.

The guava pectin methylesterase (PME) specific activity and vitamin C were assayed in samples from different phases of guava fruit development. The PME enzyme from guava was extracted with borate-acetate buffer, 50 mol/l, pH 8.0, in the presence of NaCl 0.3 mol/l. The results showed PME optimum activity at pH 9 and 95 degrees C, and it is a thermostable enzyme. Guava PME retained 96.8% of activity after 300 min in 90 degrees C. Electrophoresis showed that guava PME contained two isoforms, one with 57 kDa molecular mass. The analyses of the different phases of guava maturation showed that ascorbic acid decreases during the maturation process, but PME activity increases with maturation.