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1.
J Exp Biol ; 227(19)2024 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39264243

ABSTRACT

Testudines possess a rigid shell that influences the mechanics of the respiratory system. We studied respiratory mechanics in the terrestrial red-footed tortoise Chelonoidis carbonarius (Cryptodira), comparing juvenile individuals with a less ossified and more flexible carapace with adults with a well-ossified rigid shell. Combined with these ontogenetic differences, we analyzed respiratory system mechanics with animals in a supine and a prone position, as well as in the isolated lungs, to evaluate the impact of the viscera on breathing mechanics. To do so, we used established protocols to measure pulmonary volume (i.e. resting, VLr; and maximum, VLm), static (Cstat) and dynamic (Cdyn) compliance, and the work of breathing (W). We observed that isolated lungs displayed increased VLr, VLm, Cstat and Cdyn and decreased W. Additionally, pulmonary volume, compliance and W were affected by evaluated position, such as a smaller VLr in a supine position. Cdyn and W showed a volume dependency while frequency had less influence on these variables. At similar levels of ventilation, juveniles showed a lower W than adults when standardized by body mass, but similar W when standardized by VLr. Clear ontogenetic changes could be observed in breathing mechanics between juvenile and adult C. carbonarius. While these differences might largely be explained by variation in shell ossification, other explanations such as differences in visceral proportions or developmental degree of the post-pulmonary septum should also be taken into account.


Subject(s)
Lung , Respiratory Mechanics , Turtles , Animals , Lung/physiology , Lung/growth & development , Turtles/physiology , Turtles/growth & development , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Male
2.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol ; 307: 103978, 2023 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36252778

ABSTRACT

The effects of temperature on breathing pattern and oxygen consumption are being investigated in juvenile tortoises and compared to adults, in order to understand physiological adjustments of the respiratory system as related to body size, especially regarding the energetic expenditure associated with growth. We analyzed the breathing pattern and oxygen consumption of juvenile and adult red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonarius, Cryptodira: Testudinidae). The animals (N = 9; body mass ranging from 0.03 Kg to 2.5 Kg) were exposed to normoxic-normocarbic conditions using open respirometry in order to determine the breathing pattern and oxygen consumption in three different temperatures (15, 25, 35 °C). The obtained results showed intermittent breathing pattern in all tested temperatures in juveniles and adults. Tidal volume was not affected by changes in temperature, while breathing frequency increased significantly with increasing temperature, leading to a significant increment in minute ventilation between 15 and 35 °C. Mass specific oxygen consumption increased significantly with temperature and juveniles showed greater values when compared to adults. The alterations in the ventilatory response to temperature changes occurred in order to maintain the oxygen supply with increased metabolic activity. The differences between juveniles and adults in breathing frequency lead to juveniles needing a lower ventilation rate to perform gas exchange while extracting more oxygen. While these differences might be attributed to a greater metabolic expenditure during development, scaling effects on respiratory variables might be the main contributors to the found differences.


Subject(s)
Turtles , Animals , Temperature , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Respiration , Oxygen
3.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 19(3): 195-202, jul.-set. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-833161

ABSTRACT

Entre as diversas adaptações que os seres vivos apresentam em resposta às variáveis do ambiente, estão as mudanças adaptativas morfológicas e funcionais a curto e longo prazo que acontecem no sistema digestório em resposta ao padrão de alimentação. Em alguns répteis, tais adaptações vêm ao encontro da maximização dos recursos energéticos, os quais correlacionam os hábitos alimentares ao rendimento energético por meio do processo de regulação de órgãos específicos. Considerável número de artigos discute o desempenho do trato gastrointestinal e a influência de outros sistemas no auxílio a esse comportamento do sistema digestório em répteis, especialmente em pítons. Este trabalho teve por objetivo destacar e discutir as ações fisiológicas envolvidas no processo digestório e em outros sistemas em répteis que se alimentam esporadicamente. A atrofia e reconstrução alternadas do trato gastrointestinal em animais de hábitos alimentares infrequentes garantem a esses uma economia de energia em períodos de jejum e uma alta captação dos nutrientes no período digestivo. Essas alterações são acompanhadas por variações funcionais ácido-básicas, respiratórias e hemodinâmicas, e consequentemente por grandes mudanças na taxa metabólica, quando os estados de jejum e pós-prandial são comparados.


Short- and long-term morphological and functional adaptive changes in the digestive system related to the feeding habits are among the many adaptations living beings have in response to environmental variables. In some reptiles, such adaptations aim at maximizing the energy resources, which correlate the feeding habits with the energy performance through the regulation of specific organs. A considerable number of articles address the performance of the digestive tract and the influence of other systems in helping this digestive system behavior in reptiles, especially pythons. This paper has the purpose of highlighting and discussing the physiological actions involved in the digestive process and in other systems in reptiles that feed sporadically. The alternate atrophy and reconstruction of the gastrointestinal system in infrequent-feeding animals allow them to save energy during fasting and a high uptake of nutrients during digestion. These changes are accompanied by acid-base, respiratory and hemodynamic alterations, and therefore, by large changes in the metabolic rate, when comparing fasting and the post-prandial periods.


Entre las diversas adaptaciones que los seres vivos tienen, en respuesta a las variables ambientales, están los cambios adaptativos morfológicos y funcionales a corto y largo plazo que se producen en el sistema digestivo en respuesta al patrón de alimentación. En algunos reptiles, tales adaptaciones vienen a satisfacer la maximización de los recursos energéticos, que correlacionan los hábitos alimenticios con la eficiencia energética a través del proceso de regulación de órganos específicos. Números considerables de artículos analizan el rendimiento del tracto gastrointestinal y la influencia de otros sistemas para ayudar al sistema digestivo en los reptiles, especialmente las pitones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo destacar y discutir las acciones fisiológicas que intervienen en el proceso digestivo y en otros sistemas en reptiles que se alimentan de forma esporádica. La atrofia y la reconstrucción alternadas del tracto gastrointestinal de animales de hábitos alimentarios infrecuentes, aseguran tales ahorros de energía durante los períodos de ayuno y una alta absorción de nutrientes en el período digestivo. Estos cambios van acompañados de variaciones funcionales ácido-básico, respiratorias y hemodinámicos y, consecuentemente por importantes cambios en la tasa metabólica, cuando se comparan los estados de ayuno y postprandial.


Subject(s)
Animals , Digestion/physiology , Reptiles/physiology , Animal Feed/supply & distribution , Animal Feed/statistics & numerical data
4.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 19(3): 195-202, jul.-set. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-691063

ABSTRACT

Entre as diversas adaptações que os seres vivos apresentam em resposta às variáveis do ambiente, estão as mudanças adaptativas morfológicas e funcionais a curto e longo prazo que acontecem no sistema digestório em resposta ao padrão de alimentação. Em alguns répteis, tais adaptações vêm ao encontro da maximização dos recursos energéticos, os quais correlacionam os hábitos alimentares ao rendimento energético por meio do processo de regulação de órgãos específicos. Considerável número de artigos discute o desempenho do trato gastrointestinal e a influência de outros sistemas no auxílio a esse comportamento do sistema digestório em répteis, especialmente em pítons. Este trabalho teve por objetivo destacar e discutir as ações fisiológicas envolvidas no processo digestório e em outros sistemas em répteis que se alimentam esporadicamente. A atrofia e reconstrução alternadas do trato gastrointestinal em animais de hábitos alimentares infrequentes garantem a esses uma economia de energia em períodos de jejum e uma alta captação dos nutrientes no período digestivo. Essas alterações são acompanhadas por variações funcionais ácido-básicas, respiratórias e hemodinâmicas, e consequentemente por grandes mudanças na taxa metabólica, quando os estados de jejum e pós-prandial são comparados.(AU)


Short- and long-term morphological and functional adaptive changes in the digestive system related to the feeding habits are among the many adaptations living beings have in response to environmental variables. In some reptiles, such adaptations aim at maximizing the energy resources, which correlate the feeding habits with the energy performance through the regulation of specific organs. A considerable number of articles address the performance of the digestive tract and the influence of other systems in helping this digestive system behavior in reptiles, especially pythons. This paper has the purpose of highlighting and discussing the physiological actions involved in the digestive process and in other systems in reptiles that feed sporadically. The alternate atrophy and reconstruction of the gastrointestinal system in infrequent-feeding animals allow them to save energy during fasting and a high uptake of nutrients during digestion. These changes are accompanied by acid-base, respiratory and hemodynamic alterations, and therefore, by large changes in the metabolic rate, when comparing fasting and the post-prandial periods.(AU)


Entre las diversas adaptaciones que los seres vivos tienen, en respuesta a las variables ambientales, están los cambios adaptativos morfológicos y funcionales a corto y largo plazo que se producen en el sistema digestivo en respuesta al patrón de alimentación. En algunos reptiles, tales adaptaciones vienen a satisfacer la maximización de los recursos energéticos, que correlacionan los hábitos alimenticios con la eficiencia energética a través del proceso de regulación de órganos específicos. Números considerables de artículos analizan el rendimiento del tracto gastrointestinal y la influencia de otros sistemas para ayudar al sistema digestivo en los reptiles, especialmente las pitones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo destacar y discutir las acciones fisiológicas que intervienen en el proceso digestivo y en otros sistemas en reptiles que se alimentan de forma esporádica. La atrofia y la reconstrucción alternadas del tracto gastrointestinal de animales de hábitos alimentarios infrecuentes, aseguran tales ahorros de energía durante los períodos de ayuno y una alta absorción de nutrientes en el período digestivo. Estos cambios van acompañados de variaciones funcionales ácido-básico, respiratorias y hemodinámicos y, consecuentemente por importantes cambios en la tasa metabólica, cuando se comparan los estados de ayuno y postprandial.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Reptiles/physiology , Digestion/physiology , Animal Feed/supply & distribution , Animal Feed
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