ABSTRACT
Introduction: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common cause of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. According to the 2022 International League Against Epilepsy classification, FCD type II is characterized by dysmorphic neurons (IIa and IIb) and may be associated with balloon cells (IIb). We present a multicentric study to evaluate the transcriptomes of the gray and white matters of surgical FCD type II specimens. We aimed to contribute to pathophysiology and tissue characterization. Methods: We investigated FCD II (a and b) and control samples by performing RNA-sequencing followed by immunohistochemical validation employing digital analyses. Results: We found 342 and 399 transcripts differentially expressed in the gray matter of IIa and IIb lesions compared to controls, respectively. Cholesterol biosynthesis was among the main enriched cellular pathways in both IIa and IIb gray matter. Particularly, the genes HMGCS1, HMGCR, and SQLE were upregulated in both type II groups. We also found 12 differentially expressed genes when comparing transcriptomes of IIa and IIb lesions. Only 1 transcript (MTRNR2L12) was significantly upregulated in FCD IIa. The white matter in IIa and IIb lesions showed 2 and 24 transcripts differentially expressed, respectively, compared to controls. No enriched cellular pathways were detected. GPNMB, not previously described in FCD samples, was upregulated in IIb compared to IIa and control groups. Upregulations of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes and GPNMB genes in FCD groups were immunohistochemically validated. Such enzymes were mainly detected in both dysmorphic and normal neurons, whereas GPNMB was observed only in balloon cells. Discussion: Overall, our study contributed to identifying cortical enrichment of cholesterol biosynthesis in FCD type II, which may correspond to a neuroprotective response to seizures. Moreover, specific analyses in either the gray or the white matter revealed upregulations of MTRNR2L12 and GPNMB, which might be potential neuropathological biomarkers of a cortex chronically exposed to seizures and of balloon cells, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Física em Quadrinhos é um projeto que visa promover discussões sobre temas da Física entre alunos e o professor através da utilização de histórias em quadrinhos ou tirinhas. Sabendo que elas já tiveram como objetivo instruir a sociedade, queremos usá-las no ensino de Física de forma reflexiva valorizando as competências ligadas ao raciocínio e à leitura. Dentre as características dos quadrinhos ou tirinhas podese afirmar que apresentam alto nível de informação e podem ser exploradas pelo professor e discutidas com os alunos e que demonstram estimular e desenvolver o hábito da leitura, enriquecendo o vocabulário do aluno. Seguindo referenciais teóricos tais como: Quadrinhos como recurso didático, Enfoque em CTS, Ensino por investigação, Argumentação na sala de aula e interação em múltiplas linguagens, este trabalho se desenvolveu da necessidade de avaliar as atividades com quadrinhos produzidos por Souza (2012) no seu trabalho de conclusão de curso de Licenciatura em Física da UFRJ. Acredita-se que essas tirinhas e quadrinhos e as atividades propostas em sala de aula ajudam a trabalhar a capacidade crítica dos alunos. Os diálogos, registrados em áudio e vídeo em sala de aula, foram transcritos e analisados. Além disso, os alunos responderam em forma de escrita suas respostas às perguntas levantadas pelas tirinhas. Esses dados foram analisados segundo Toulmin (2007), que desenvolveu um padrão de argumento usado para analisar a força e a qualidade das discussões e também acordo com Márquez, et al (2003), que apresentam a relação entre os diferentes tipos de linguagem (gestual, verbal, escrita, visual etc) entre outros autores. A análise dos dados mostra que as tirinhas aplicadas, em uma escola pública de rede federal de ensino, podem ser agente fomentador de discussão, facilitando a argumentação na sala de aula e a aprendizagem de Ciência...
Physics in Comics is a project that aims to promote discussion on topics of Physics among students and teachers through the use of comic books or comic strips. Knowing that they have already had the objective of educating society, in this work we intended to use them by teaching Physics reflexively, enhancing skills related to reasoning and reading. Among the characteristics of comic strips we can state that they present high-level information and that they can be exploited by the teacher anddiscussed among students, furthermore, they show they stimulate and develop the habit of reading, thereby enriching the vocabulary of the student. Followingtheoretical frameworks such as: Comics as a teaching resource, Focus on CTS,Education through research, Argumentation in classroom interaction and in multiple languages, this work is a project that evolved from the need to evaluate the activities with comics produced by Souza (2012) in his work on completion of the Bachelor'sDegree in Physics from UFRJ. It is believed that these comic strips and the proposed activities helped to work the critical skills of students through dialogues. To prove so, audios and videos, that took place in the classrooms where they were proposed,were recorded. These audios were transcripted and analyzed. In addition, students responded to questions raised by the strips in the form of writing. These data were analyzed according to Toulmin (2007), who developed a standard argument used to analyze the strength and quality of the discussions and also according to Márquez, etal (2003), which show the relationship between different types of language (gestural, verbal, written, visual, etc.) among other authors. Data analysis shows that the comics strips applied in a public federal school were able to raise discussion and prepare students for them, facilitating argumentation in the classroom and in the learning of Sciences...
Subject(s)
Humans , Audiovisual Aids , Cartoons as Topic , Physics/educationABSTRACT
Os autores analisam estimativas feitas pela OMS e indicadores mais recentes de incidência, mortalidade, ocorrência de multirresistência e de associação com o HIV, da tuberculose no Brasil e no mundo. Os números analisados, sejam estimados (8,7 milhões novos casos por ano no mundo e de 116.000 no Brasil) ou realmente verificados (o Brasil em 2000 notificou 82.249 casos novos) apontam para um grave quadro da saúde pública, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, o que requer medidas enérgicas e eficazes para seu controle. Em um país de alta prevalência como o nosso as ações de descoberta de casos, associadas a medidas de biossegurança, interessam a todos os profissionais de saúde, principalmente, àqueles que trabalhem em grandes hospitais ou emergências
