ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the influence of two maternal high-fat diets with different caloric contents on anxiety-like behavior in young-adult offspring and their sensitivity to acute fluoxetine. METHODS: females Wistar rats were used and divided according to diet received during gestation and lactation: Control (CTR), high-fat/isocaloric (HI) and high-fat/high-caloric (HH). Offspring were subsequently divided into three subgroups according to acute administration of vehicle or fluoxetine (1 or 10 mg/kg). To assess animals' anxiety-like behaviors, three tests were used: open field (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and free-exploratory paradigm (FEP). RESULTS: In OF, HI and HH showed increased hyperactivity- and anxiety-related behaviors, HI being more hyperactive than HH. In response to fluoxetine, HI offspring decreased number of quadrants entered, decreased number of central entries and spent less time in rearing in peripheral areas, while HH offspring showed less time spent in rearing in the OF peripheral area. In EPM test, HI pups spent more time in closed arms than the HH pups. Fluoxetine decreased number of open arms entries for HI offspring and increased percentage of time spent in central area for HH animals. Maternal diet did not influence FEP test, neither HI nor HH presented a response after fluoxetine acute administration. CONCLUSION: Maternal high-fat diets influence offspring anxiety-like behavior in state-anxiety tests but not in trait-anxiety test. Responsiveness to acute fluoxetine depended on maternal diet, dose and which behavioral tests were being evaluated.
Subject(s)
Anxiety , Behavior, Animal , Diet, High-Fat , Energy Intake , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Personality , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anxiety/drug therapy , Anxiety/etiology , Anxiety/physiopathology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fluoxetine/administration & dosage , Personality/physiology , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/drug therapy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Objective: The main goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of two maternal high-fat diets with different energy densities on the somatic growth, reflex ontogeny, and locomotor activity of offspring. Methods: Twenty-nine female Wistar rats (220-250â g) were mated and grouped into three different dietary conditions: control (n = 11, AIN-93G diet, 3.6â kcal/g), high-fat/high-caloric (HH, n = 9, 51% of the calories from fat, 4.62â kcal/g), and high-fat/isocaloric (HI, n = 9, 51% of the calories from fat, 3.64â kcal/g). The fat source was mainly lard. The dietary groups were maintained during gestation and lactation. From postnatal day 1 (PND1) until weaning, the somatic growth, maturation of physical features, and reflex ontogeny of the male pups were evaluated. The locomotor activity was evaluated in an open field at PND8, PND14, PND17, PND21, PND30, PND45, and PND60. Results: HH dams had a lower food intake but no difference in caloric intake or body weight gain. The HH pups had higher body weights, greater tail and body lengths, and an increased axis of the head at weaning. The prediction of ear unfolding, delayed palmar grasp, and cliff avoidance maturation were also observed in the HH offspring. At PND60, the HH pups showed an increased average speed as well as an average potency and kinetic energy in the open field. Conclusion: A high-fat/high-caloric maternal diet increases somatic growth, predicts the maturation of physical features, and delays reflex ontogeny during lactation, and it enhances motor performance during late adolescence. A maternal HI diet does not elicit the same influences on offspring development compared with the HH diet.
Subject(s)
Diet, High-Fat , Locomotion , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/psychology , Reflex , Animals , Female , Lactation , Pregnancy , Rats, Wistar , Weight GainABSTRACT
Aim This study sought to investigate the effects of two different maternal high-fat diets, during gestation and lactation, on the morphology of the skeletal muscle of the adult offspring rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were fed Control (C) or High-fat/high-caloric (HH) or High-fat/isocaloric (HI) diet during gestation and lactation. The somatic growth of the offspring was measured throughout lactation. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed at PND61 and PND65, respectively. At PND70, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed for myofibrillar ATPase staining analysis. KEY FINDINGS: HH pups were heavier and longer at weaning but presented same body weight at PND70. No difference among groups in glucose or insulin tolerance tests was observed. In the soleus muscle, HH offspring showed increased proportion and size of type 1 fibres and reduced proportion and number with increased size of type 2A fibres. In EDL muscle, there was no difference in proportion and number of fibres. HH and HI animals presented reduced type 1 and 2A fibres size while HH animals presented increased type 2B fibres size, in EDL muscle. SIGNIFICANCE: Maternal HH diet promoted a more oxidative profile in soleus muscle. Though, maternal high-fat/isocaloric diet influenced only fibres size. Glycolytic muscle is more resistant to maternal diet influence. These results emphasize the importance of maternal diet during the critical period of development on muscle morphology of the offspring.