Spider species richness and sampling effort at Cracraft´S Belém Area of Endemism

ABSTRACT A list of spider species is presented for the Belém Area of Endemism, the most threatened region in the Amazon Basin, comprising portions of eastern State of Pará and western State of Maranhão, Brazil. The data are based both on records from the taxonomic and biodiversity survey literature and on scientific collection databases. A total of 319 identified species were recorded, with 318 occurring in Pará and only 22 in Maranhão. About 80% of species are recorded at the vicinities of the city of Belém, indicating that sampling effort have been strongly biased. To identify potentially high-diversity areas, discounting the effect of variations in sampling effort, the residues of a linear regression between the number of records and number of species mapped in each 0.25°grid cells were analyzed. One grid, representing the Alto Turiaçu Indigenous land, had the highest deviation from the expected from the linear regression, indicating high expected species richness. Several other grid cells showed intermediate values of the regression residuals, indicating species richness moderately above to the expected from the model.

Spider species richness and sampling effort at Cracraft´S Belém Area of Endemism.

A list of spider species is presented for the Belém Area of Endemism, the most threatened region in the Amazon Basin, comprising portions of eastern State of Pará and western State of Maranhão, Brazil. The data are based both on records from the taxonomic and biodiversity survey literature and on scientific collection databases. A total of 319 identified species were recorded, with 318 occurring in Pará and only 22 in Maranhão. About 80% of species are recorded at the vicinities of the city of Belém, indicating that sampling effort have been strongly biased. To identify potentially high-diversity areas, discounting the effect of variations in sampling effort, the residues of a linear regression between the number of records and number of species mapped in each 0.25°grid cells were analyzed. One grid, representing the Alto Turiaçu Indigenous land, had the highest deviation from the expected from the linear regression, indicating high expected species richness. Several other grid cells showed intermediate values of the regression residuals, indicating species richness moderately above to the expected from the model.

Diversidade e composição da araneofauna do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Diversity and composition of the spider fauna of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Nós compilamos uma lista de espécies de aranhas registradas no Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil) a partir da literatura taxonômica e de inventários não publicados. A lista inclui 228 espécies em 134 gêneros e 32 famílias. Apenas cerca de 35% da área do estado apresenta registros de ocorrência de espécies de aranhas, e não mais que 5% apresenta mais de um registro de ocorrência por quadrícula de 0,5° (˜2.916 km2). Existem grandes lacunas de amostragem no estado, particularmente na porção norte do Pantanal. A maioria das espécies tem menos de 10 registros de ocorrência, ou seja, sua distribuição geográfica é praticamente desconhecida. Extrapolando a curva de acumulação de espécies dessas aranhas, concluímos que seria necessário ampliar em 10 vezes a área amostrada para que sejam listadas 90% das espécies que ocorrem no estado. Número de espécies: no mundo, 44.906; no Brasil, 3.730; no Mato Grosso do Sul, 228. Portanto, novos inventários são essenciais para que a araneofauna do Mato Grosso do Sul seja minimamente conhecida.

Here we compile a list of spider species recorded in Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil), based on information from the taxonomic literature and unpublished inventories. The list includes 228 species in 134 genera and 32 families. Only approximately 35% of the state area have records of spider species, and no more than 5% of the area presents more than one record per 0.5° grid cell (˜2,916 km2). There are large gaps in the knowledge of the state’s spider fauna, particularly in the northern Pantanal. Most of the species are known by less than 10 distribution records, indicating that their geographic distribution is virtually unknown. Extrapolating a species accumulation curve, we show that a ten-time increase in sampled area would be necessary to discover 90% of the species occurring in the state. Number of species: in the world, 44,906; in Brazil, 3,730; in Mato Grosso do Sul, 228. Therefore new inventories are essential for an adequate description of the spider fauna of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Spider species richness and sampling effort at cracraft'S Belem area of endemism

A list of spider species is presented for the Belem Area of Endemism, the most threatened region in the Amazon Basin, comprising portions of eastern State of Para and western State of Maranhao, Brazil. The data are based both on records from the taxonomic and biodiversity survey literature and on scientific collection databases. A total of 319 identified species were recorded, with 318 occurring in Para and only 22 in Maranhao. About 80% of species are recorded at the vicinities of the city of Belem, indicating that sampling effort have been strongly biased. To identify potentially high- diversity areas, discounting the effect of variations in sampling effort, the residues of a linear regression between the number of records and number of species mapped in each 0.25 degrees grid cells were analyzed. One grid, representing the Alto Turia double dagger u Indigenous land, had the highest deviation from the expected from the linear regression, indicating high expected species richness. Several other grid cells showed intermediate values of the regression residuals, indicating species richness moderately above to the expected from the model.

Aranhas (Araneae, Arachnida) do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: diversidade, esforço amostral e estado do conhecimento / Spiders (Araneae, Arachnida) from São Paulo State, Brazil: diversity, sampling efforts, and state-of-art

Neste trabalho são apresentadas informações oriundas de um banco de dados das aranhas descritas e registradas para a região neotropical entre 1757 e 2008. O enfoque será na diversidade do grupo no Estado de São Paulo, comparado com outros estados brasileiros. Os resultados são oriundos de mais de 25.000 registros publicados em artigos científicos na Região Neotropical. Estes dados permitem avaliar a distribuição atual do grupo, identificar lacunas de coleta, definir biomas prioritários para estudo e até delimitar áreas de endemismo para o Brasil no futuro. O Estado de São Paulo apresenta 875 espécies descritas, distribuídas em 50 famílias. A região neotropical possui 11.280 espécies (quase 1/3 das espécies propostas para o mundo). O Brasil é o país neotropical com maior diversidade (3.203 spp.), seguido do México (1.951 spp.) e Panamá (1.325 spp.). Na América do Sul temos atualmente mais de 7.500 espécies de aranhas e o Brasil apresenta a maior diversidade (3.203 espécies registradas em 72 famílias), seguido da Argentina (1.316 spp.) e Peru (1.066 spp.).

In this study we present a database of spiders described and registered from the Neotropical region between 1757 and 2008. Results are focused on the diversity of the group in the State of São Paulo, compared to other Brazilian states. Data was compiled from over 25,000 records, published in scientific papers dealing with Neotropical fauna. These records enabled the evaluation of the current distribution of the species, the definition of collection gaps and priority biomes, and even future areas of endemism for Brazil. A total of 875 species, distributed in 50 families, have been described from the State of São Paulo. A total of 11,280 species have been recorded from the Neotropical region (almost 1/3 of the species described worldwide). Brazil is the Neotropical country with the highest diversity (3,203 spp.), followed by Mexico (1,951 spp.) and Panama (1,325 spp.). Seven thousand five hundred species were recorded from South America and Brazil holds the highest diversity (3,203 spp., in 72 families), followed by Argentina (1,316 spp.), and Peru (1,066 spp.).

Septicemia e gastrenterite em crianças internadas: estudo clínico e anatomapatológico / Septicemia and gastroenteritis in hospitalized children: clinical and anatomopathological study

Os autores realizaram uma análise retrospectiva de 20 pacientes de idades entre cinco dias e sete anos, que foram necropsiados no Serviço de Patologia Infantil do HUAP e que tiveram diagnóstico histológico de gastroenterite e septicemia. Foram divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro, constituído por 11 crianças que adquiriram diarréia na comunidade e depois foram internadas e o segundo, por nove pacientes cuja infecçäo intestinal foi adquirida no hospital. Só foi possível determinar o agente etiológico em sete casos (E. coli em três, Klebsiella pneumoniae em um, Pseudomonas aeruginosa em um e Staphylococcus aureus em dois). Entre os achados anatomopatológicos, além da enterocolite, o achado mais comum foi pneumonia bacteriana. Concluíram que a septicemia conseqüente à infecçäo hospitalar ocorreu em 12 casos (60%), sendo três do grupo 1 e nove do grupo 2. A grande maioria dos pacientes foi medicada com associaçäo de antibióticos. Näo observaram diferenças significativas em relaçäo à gravidade das complicaçöes entre os dois grupos, através do exame anatomopatológico. Teriam sido evitados muitos desses casos se fossem observadas as regras contra infecçäo hospitalar