ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se o sexo e o tipo de competição impactam sobre os parâmetros do rally em jogos de voleibol. Investigaram-se 17 jogos de competições escolares e recreacionais, que foram gravados em filmadora digital e analisados em ecrã de notebook de 14'. Avaliaram-se o tempo de duração do rally e seus intervalos, densidade do set, além de quantificar e caracterizar os complexos e as ações nos rallies. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que o padrão dos rallies no voleibol em competições de equipes recreacionais foi semelhante aos de equipes escolares em treinamento. Porém, nos jogos recreacionais, o tempo de rally, o número de ações e o percentual de densidade do set foram maiores que em competições com equipes escolares em treinamento. Por outro lado, o tempo de intervalo entre rallies foi menor. Quanto ao fator sexo não se verificaram alterações na maioria dos parâmetros analisados. No entanto, observou-se uma frequência reduzida de complexo com três toques, que pode ser justificada pelo padrão de jogo do voleibol feminino. Também se identificou alto índice de saques errados comparados aos aces que resultaram na pontuação da equipe adversária, tanto em relação aos sexos quanto aos tipos de competições. Além disso, observou-se que 82,1% dos rallies ocorreram em até 11" com predominância do complexo I, o tempo médio de rally foi de 7"7 e o tempo de intervalo 2,3 vezes maior que o de sua duração, demonstrando ser suficiente para a recuperação energética do esforço despendido. Portanto, o presente estudo conclui que o sexo e as competições escolares e recreacionais pouco interferem no padrão do rally realizado durante o jogo de voleibol....(AU)
The objective of this study was to investigate if the gender and the type of competition impact on the parameters of the rally in volleyball games. Investigated 17 games of school and recreational competitions, which were recorded in digital camcorder, being analyzed in 14' notebook screen. It evaluated the duration of the rally and its intervals, set density, in addition to quantify and characterize the complexes and actions in the rallies. The results of the present study showed that the standard of volleyball rallies in recreational team competitions was similar to that of training school teams, however, in recreational games, rally time, number of actions and % density of the set were higher that in competitions with school teams in training, however, the interval time between rallies was smaller. The gender factor did not show alteration in most of the analyzed parameters, however, observed a reduced frequency of complex with three touches, which can be justified by the female game volleyball standard. It also identified a high rate of misplaced looting, generating a point for the opposing team compared to aces for both the genres and for the types of competitions. Additionally, it was observed that 82.1% of the rallies occurred in up to 11" with a predominance of the I complex, the average rally time was 7"7 and the interval time 2.3 times longer than its duration, proving to be sufficient for the energy recovery of the effort expended. It is concluded that the genre and the school and recreational competitions little interfere in the pattern of the rally realized during the game of volleyball....(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Volleyball , Games, Recreational , Physical Education and TrainingABSTRACT
A current approach to obtain bioengineered lungs as a future alternative for transplantation is based on seeding stem cells on decellularized lung scaffolds. A fundamental question to be solved in this approach is how to drive stem cell differentiation onto the different lung cell phenotypes. Whereas the use of soluble factors as agents to modulate the fate of stem cells was established from an early stage of the research with this type of cells, it took longer to recognize that the physical microenvironment locally sensed by stem cells (e.g. substrate stiffness, 3D architecture, cyclic stretch, shear stress, air-liquid interface, oxygenation gradient) also contributes to their differentiation. The potential role played by physical stimuli would be particularly relevant in lung bioengineering since cells within the organ are physiologically subjected to two main stimuli required to facilitate efficient gas exchange: air ventilation and blood perfusion across the organ. The present review focuses on describing how the cell mechanical microenvironment can modulate stem cell differentiation and how these stimuli could be incorporated into lung bioreactors for optimizing organ bioengineering.
Subject(s)
Artificial Organs , Bioengineering/methods , Lung/physiology , Animals , Humans , Lung/cytology , Stem Cells/physiology , Tissue EngineeringABSTRACT
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin able to induce adverse outcomes in the respiratory system. We aimed to examine the lungs and nasal epithelium of mice following a sub-chronic exposure to MC-LR. Swiss mice were intranasally instilled with 10 µL of distilled water (CTRL, n = 10) or 6.7 ng/kg of MC-LR diluted in 10 µL of distilled water (TOX, n = 8) during 30 consecutive days. Respiratory mechanics was measured in vivo and histology measurements (morphology and inflammation) were assessed in lungs and nasal epithelium samples 24 h after the last intranasal instillation. Despite the lack of changes in the nasal epithelium, TOX mice displayed an increased amount of PMN cells in the lungs (× 10(-3)/µm(2)), higher lung static elastance (cmH2O/mL), resistive and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures (cmH2O) (7.87 ± 3.78, 33.96 ± 2.64, 1.03 ± 0.12, 1.01 ± 0.08, respectively) than CTRL (5.37 ± 4.02, 26.65 ± 1.24, 0.78 ± 0.06, 0.72 ± 0.05, respectively). Overall, our findings suggest that the nasal epithelium appears more resistant than lungs in this model of MC-LR intoxication.
Subject(s)
Lung/drug effects , Microcystins/toxicity , Nasal Mucosa/drug effects , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Granulocytes/cytology , Granulocytes/drug effects , Inflammation/chemically induced , Inflammation/pathology , Lung/metabolism , Male , Marine Toxins , Mice , Nasal Mucosa/metabolismABSTRACT
The treatment of microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR)-induced lung inflammation has never been reported. Hence, LASSBio 596, an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, designed as symbiotic agent that modulates TNF-alpha levels and inhibits phosphodiesterase types 4 and 5, or dexamethasone were tested in this condition. Swiss mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 60 microl of saline (CTRL) or a sub-lethal dose of MCYST-LR (40 micrg/kg). 6 h later they were treated (i.p.) with saline (TOX), LASSBio 596 (10 mg/kg, L596), or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, 0.1 mL, DEXA). 8 h after MCYST-LR injection, pulmonary mechanics were determined, and lungs and livers prepared for histopathology, biochemical analysis and quantification of MCYST-LR. TOX showed significantly higher lung impedance than CTRL and L596, which were similar. DEXA could only partially block the mechanical alterations. In both TOX and DEXA alveolar collapse and inflammatory cell influx were higher than in CTRL and L596, being LASSBio 596 more effective than dexamethasone. TOX showed oxidative stress that was not present in CTRL and L596, while DEXA was partially efficient. MCYST-LR was detected in the livers of all mice receiving MCYST-LR and no recovery was apparent. In conclusion, LASSBio 596 was more efficient than dexamethasone in reducing the pulmonary functional impairment induced by MCYST-LR.
