Validity of equations for estimating fat-free mass in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Equations estimating fat-free mass (FFM) in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show differences in the validation process. The current study aimed to verify the validity of FFM estimation equations derived from bioelectrical impedance (BIA) in people living with HIV aged 40 years and older. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 68 participants evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by two BIA devices (Analyzer and Biodynamics). The study aimed to determine the validity of six different FFM equations from four different studies by Lukaski and Bolonchuk (1987), Kotler et al. (1996), Beraldo et al. (2015) and Hegelund et al. (2017). Comparisons were made using the t-test or Wilcoxon test. To verify the validity between DXA and two BIA devices, the following statistical analyses were performed: Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate, differences in the limits of agreement by Bland and Altman analysis, correlation between the average and the differences of the methods by Pearson or Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Only equation 2 of Kotler et al. (1996) for males by Biodynamics BIA showed no difference in FFM. The Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was excellent (0.96), irrespective of sex, for Equation 2 of Kotler et al. (1996) by BIA Analyzer. All equations were reproducible (>0.85). The coefficient of determination ranged from 68% to 92%, and the standard error of the estimates ranged from 1.8 kg to 5.0 kg. The differences between the limits of agreement ranged from 7.2 kg to 14.9 kg, and the correlations between the average and the differences of the methods showed differences in FFM for three equations (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The choice of equations must consider the equipment used and the sex of the sample investigated. Only Equation 2 of Kotler et al. (1996) was considered valid, irrespective of sex, to estimate the FFM by BIA Analyzer.

Using seagrass as a nature-based solution: Short-term effects of Zostera noltei transplant in benthic communities of a European Atlantic coastal lagoon.

Seagrass meadows provide several ecological functions that improve the overall ecological health of coastal systems and therefore, it is urgent to promote the restoration of such habitats. In Ria de Aveiro, a coastal lagoon in the Atlantic Coast of Portugal, a restoration initiative was responsible for transplanting the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltei into a highly degraded area. This eelgrass was used as a nature-based solution (NbS) to mitigate some of the impacts of historical mercury contamination. Comparisons of key-species features (density and biomass), and some community-derived indicators (total density and biomass, species richness and Shannon-Wiener index) between the transplanted seagrass patch, their bare vicinities, and their counterpart habitats on the source area, provided signs of the effectiveness of the restoration action on the benthic communities' recovery. Indicators were higher within the restored meadow, and biomass derived indicators of the restored meadow were similar to the source meadow.

Effects of lipodystrophy and physical exercise on bioimpedance parameters in people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipodystrophy and physical exercise on the parameters of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) of people living with HIV (PLWHIV). METHODS: Seventy patients were divided into two groups: PLWHIV with lipodystrophy (PLWHIV-L) and PLWHIV without lipodystrophy (PLWHIV-NL). The phase angle (PhA) and the BIVA were determined from the values of resistance and reactance collected by the BIS. The percentage of fat mass and lean soft tissue (LST) were determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. For comparisons between the PLWHIV-L and PLWHIV-NL groups, the t test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test was used. From the BIVA, the average of the impedance vectors of the two groups was calculated with the 95% confidence ellipse, and the individual vectors of the patients divided by sex were also compared with the tolerance ellipses of 50%, 75%, and 95% of the healthy reference population. The relationships between the variables of interest were determined by the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination. Analysis of covariance was used for comparisons between groups, adjusted for possible confounding variables. RESULTS: PLWIV-L showed better hydration conditions (P <0.01), higher LST (P <0.01), and lower percent of fat mass (P <0.01). No differences in PhA were observed between PLWHIV who practiced or did not practice physical exercise. There was a significant difference between the impedance vectors of the groups with and without lipodystrophy (T = 42.4 and P <0.01). Additionally, most of the patients who were positioned beyond the ellipse limits of 50% of tolerance fell into the areas of edema and cachexia. The extracellular to intracellular water ratio explained 81% of the PhA variations. When PhA was adjusted for height2, fat mass/height2 and LST, it was significantly different between groups of the female sex (PhA: P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Lipodystrophy and the practice of physical exercise do not present direct involvement in the PhA values, with sex, body composition, and hydration variables being the main influences on this variable. BIVA was able to show differences in the body composition of the groups even when the PhA values were similar.

A autonomia do adolescente em relação ao direto de imunização contra infecções sexualmente transmissíveis: revisão bibliográfica / La autonomía de los adolescentes en relación con la inmunización directa contra las infecciones de transmisión sexual: revisión bibliográfica / The autonomy of adolescents in relation to the direct of immunization against sexually transmitted infections: bibliographic review

O presente estudo trata-se de uma análise na literatura sobre o aspecto bioético da autonomia em relação a imunização contra Hepatite B e HPV na adolescência. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica baseada no método prisma onde foram incluídos artigos em português e inglês os quais foram pesquisados nas plataformas Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), utilizando os seguintes descritores Hepatitis B Vaccines, bioethics, Humans. Os resultados demostraram a eficiência dos profissionais de saúde no contato com o indivíduo e o convencimento deste através de um diálogo aberto e criação de vínculos. Evidenciou-se ainda o estudo evidenciou o direito a autonomia progressiva do paciente, no qual este ganha o direito a algumas escolhas como as imunizações de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, como é o caso da Hepatite B e HPV, no entanto é necessário que o adolescente seja instruído sobre a imunização. Assim sendo, reconhece-se o direito a autonomia progressiva do adolescente, referente a escolha das imunizações contra a Hepatite B e HPV, entretanto, deve-se considerar que estes indivíduos sejam instruídos sobre os benefícios individuais e/ou coletivos da vacinação, contemplados por atividades de educação em saúde por profissionais qualificados, objetivando ampliar a cobertura global de imunização com doenças que caracterizam problemas de saúde pública.

El presente estudio es un análisis de la literatura sobre el aspecto bioético de la autonomía en relación con la inmunización contra la Hepatitis B y el VPH en la adolescencia. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica basada en el método del prisma, que incluyó artículos en portugués e inglés que fueron buscados en la Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea (SciELO), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (PUBMED), utilizando los siguientes descriptores Vacunas Hepatitis B, bioética, Humanos. Los resultados demostraron la eficiencia de los profesionales de la salud en contactar al individuo y convencerlo a través de un diálogo abierto y creación de vínculos. También se evidenció que el estudio evidenció el derecho del paciente a la autonomía progresiva, en la que adquiere el derecho a algunas opciones como las inmunizaciones de enfermedades de transmisión sexual, como la Hepatitis B y el VPH, sin embargo, es necesario que el adolescente sea educado sobre la inmunización. Por lo tanto, se reconoce el derecho del adolescente a la autonomía progresiva, en cuanto a la elección de las vacunas contra la Hepatitis B y el VPH, sin embargo, se debe considerar que estos individuos sean educados sobre los beneficios individuales y/o colectivos de la vacunación, contemplados por las actividades de educación en salud por profesionales calificados, con el objetivo de ampliar la cobertura mundial de inmunización con enfermedades que caracterizan los problemas de salud pública.

The present study is an analysis of the literature on the bioethical aspect of autonomy in relation to immunization against Hepatitis B and HPV in adolescence. A bibliographic review was carried out based on the prism method, which included articles in Portuguese and English which were searched on the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and the National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), using the following descriptors Hepatitis B Vaccines, bioethics, Humans. The results demonstrated the efficiency of health professionals in contacting the individual and convincing him/her through an open dialogue and creation of bonds. It was also evidenced the study evidenced the patient's right to progressive autonomy, in which he gains the right to some choices such as immunizations of sexually transmitted diseases, such as Hepatitis B and HPV, however it is necessary for the adolescent to be educated about immunization. Therefore, the adolescent's right to progressive autonomy is recognized, regarding the choice of immunizations against Hepatitis B and HPV, however, it must be considered that these individuals are instructed on the individual and/or collective benefits of vaccination, contemplated by health education activities by qualified professionals, aiming to expand the global coverage of immunization with diseases that characterize public health problems.

Abordagem epidemiológica e considerações bioéticas sobre a infecção pelo vírus da hepatite b em crianças e adolescentes no estado do acre, Brasil / Enfoque epidemiológico y consideraciones bioéticas sobre la infección por el virus de la hepatitis b en niños y adolescentes en el estado de Acre, Brasil / Epidemiological approach and bioethical considerations on hepatitis b virus infection in children and adolescents in the state of Acre, Brazi

O estudo investiga os aspectos epidemiológicos da hepatite B em crianças e adolescentes, discutindo os resultados encontrados à luz dos princípios da bioética. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo, com base em uma série temporal de casos, cujos dados de notificação foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e dados de vacinação do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações - SIPNI, no período de 2011 a 2020. Foram notificados 889 casos de hepatite B na população de estudo. A maioria dos participantes encontravam-se na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos 738 (83%), do sexo feminino 549 (62%), cor da pele parda 637 (72%) residentes na zona urbana 490 (55%) e com ensino fundamental incompleto 279 (31%). A provável fonte de infecção foi por via sexual 450 (51%). A forma clínica mais comum foi a Hepatite Crônica 496 (56%). A maioria dos contaminados com Hepatite B foram indivíduos não vacinados 298 (34%). A luz da bioética os resultados demostram que a prática da vacinação pode contemplar os princípios bioéticos, já que o grau de autonomia depende de um tipo de intervenção planejada e quanto maior a relação entre benefício e ônus, tendo em conta os princípios de beneficência e não maleficência, menos decisiva é essa autonomia.

El estudio investiga los aspectos epidemiológicos de la hepatitis B en niños y adolescentes, discutiendo los resultados encontrados a la luz de los principios bioéticos. Se trata de un estudio transversal, retrospectivo, basado en una serie temporal de casos, cuyos datos de notificación fueron extraídos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (SINAN) y datos de vacunación del Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones SIPNI, desde 2011 hasta 2020. Se informaron 889 casos de hepatitis B en la población de estudio. La mayoría de los participantes tenían entre 15 y 19 años 738 (83 %), sexo femenino 549 (62 %), color de piel morena 637 (72 %), residentes en zona urbana 490 (55 ) y con educación primaria incompleta 279 (31 %). La fuente probable de infección fue a través de relaciones sexuales 450 (51%). La forma clínica más frecuente fue la Hepatitis Crónica 496 (56%). La mayoría de los infectados con Hepatitis B eran individuos no vacunados 298 (34%). A la luz de la bioética, los resultados muestran que la práctica de la vacunación puede contemplar principios bioéticos, ya que el grado de autonomía depende de un tipo de intervención planificada y mayor la relación entre beneficio y carga, teniendo en cuenta los principios de beneficencia y no maleficencia, menos decisiva es esta autonomía.

The study investigates the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis B in children and adolescents, discussing the results found in the light of bioethical principles. This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study, based on a time series of cases, whose notification data were extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and vaccination data from the National Immunization Program Information System SIPNI, from 2011 to 2020. 889 cases of hepatitis B were reported in the study population. Most participants were aged between 15 and 19 years old 738 (83%), female 549 (62%), brown skin color 637 (72%) living in the urban area 490 (55%) and with incomplete elementary education 279 (31%). The probable source of infection was through sexual intercourse 450 (51%). The most common clinical form was Chronic Hepatitis 496 (56%). Most of those infected with Hepatitis B were unvaccinated individuals 298 (34%). In the light of bioethics, the results show that the practice of vaccination can contemplate bioethical principles, since the degree of autonomy depends on a type of planned intervention and the greater the relationship between benefit and burden, taking into account the principles of beneficence and not maleficence, the less decisive is this autonomy.

Experiências de mulheres transexuais no sistema de saúde: visibilidade em direção à equidade / Experiencias de mujeres transexuales en el sistema de salud: visibilidad en dirección a la equidad / Transgender women's experiences in the healthcare system: visibility towards equity

Resumo Com o objetivo de compreender o modo como mulheres transexuais têm sido atendidas em instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde, o estudo adotou o delineamento qualitativo. A análise de conteúdo temática de entrevistas e de grupo focal resultou em três categorias: utilização de serviços de saúde por mulheres trans; violência na Atenção à Saúde; falta de atendimento especializado. As participantes referiram não possuir vínculos com a Atenção Primária e buscar atendimento no ambulatório vinculado ao hospital de ensino e em pronto atendimento. Casos de violência institucional, negligência e preconceito permeiam suas experiências. Atendimento humanizado; credenciamento do hospital para o processo transexualizador; investimento no bem-estar do trabalhador; criação de protocolos de atendimento e canais de denúncia foram sugeridos. A equidade e a atenção integral requerem ampliação e qualificação dos serviços. Investimentos em Educação Permanente são essenciais. (AU)

Resumen Con el objetivo de comprender la forma en que las mujeres transexuales han sido atendidas en instituciones del Sistema Único de Salud, el estudio adoptó la delineación cualitativa. El análisis de contenido temático de entrevistas y de grupo focal resultó en tres categorías: Utilización de servicios de salud por mujeres trans; Violencia en la atención de la salud; Falta de atención especializada. Las participantes refirieron que no tenían vínculos con la atención primaria y que buscaban atención en el ambulatorio vinculado al hospital escuela y en urgencias. Casos de violencia institucional, negligencia y prejuicios atraviesan sus experiencias. Se sugirieron la atención humanizada, la acreditación del hospital para el proceso de transexualidad, la inversión en el bienestar del trabajador y la creación de protocolos de atención y canales de denuncia. La equidad y la atención integral requieren aplicación y calificación de los servicios. Son esenciales inversiones en educación permanente. (AU)

Abstract Aiming to understand how transgender women have been served in institutions of the Unified Health System, the study adopted the qualitative design. The thematic content analysis of interviews and focus group resulted in three categories: Use of health services by trans women; Violence in health care; Lack of specialized care. The participants reported having no links with primary care, seeking care in the outpatient clinic linked to the teaching hospital and in emergency care. Cases of institutional violence, negligence, and prejudice permeate their experiences. Humanized care; accreditation of the hospital for the transsexualization process; investment in the worker's well-being; creation of care protocols and complaint channels were suggested. Equity and integral attention require the expansion and qualification of services. Investments in permanent education are essential. (AU)

Corpo, saúde e sociedade de consumo: a construção social do corpo saudável / Body, health, and consumer society: the social construction of a healthy body

Resumo Ainda que a articulação entre corpo, saúde e contexto político-econômico seja extremamente complexa e mediada por processos heterogêneos, é possível problematizar o discurso produzido pela mídia sobre corpo e saúde. Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar algumas reflexões sobre os discursos e práticas contemporâneos acerca da saúde, com enfoque nos aspectos corporais e na relação entre estética corporal e bem-estar do indivíduo. A linha argumentativa desenvolvida preconiza que, na rede discursiva que se propaga pelas grandes mídias, cria-se uma concepção de saúde intimamente atrelada ao mercado de consumo. Neste ensaio, alguns discursos midiáticos sobre saúde são analisados, tendo em vista compreender aspectos do mercado simbólico que se organiza calcado nos signos-saúde. A construção do "corpo saudável" é tematizada e problematizada por meio do percurso teórico empreendido. No novo ideal apolíneo emergente na contemporaneidade, o corpo é um objeto moldável a ser cultivado por meio de dietas e hábitos alimentares espartanos, educado em sessões exaustivas de exercícios físicos, modelado por substâncias anabolizantes, corrigido por cirurgias plásticas com finalidade estética e regulado por padrões socioculturais que almejam alcançar a imortalidade mascarada no mito da eterna juventude. Para aprimorar os cuidados em saúde, os profissionais devem compreender as transformações que incidem na imagem do corpo que tem sido valorizada na era contemporânea.

Abstract Although the articulation between body, health, and the political-economic context is extremely complex and mediated by heterogeneous processes, it is possible to problematize the discourse on body and health produced by mass media. The purpose of this study was to present some reflections on contemporary discourses and practices about health, focusing on body aspects and the relationship between body aesthetics and the individual's well-being. The argumentative line to be developed advocates that, in the discursive network disseminated by the great media, the concept of health is intimately tied to the consumer market. In this essay, some media discourses on health are analyzed, in order to understand aspects of the symbolic market that is organized based on health signs. The construction of the "healthy body" is thematized and problematized through the chosen theoretical route. In the new Apollonian ideal emerging in contemporaneity, the body is a moldable object, to be cultivated by Spartan diets and eating habits, educated in exhaustive sessions of physical exercises, modeled by anabolic substances, corrected by plastic surgery with aesthetic purpose, and regulated by sociocultural standards that aim to achieve the immortality masked in the myth of eternal youth. To improve health care, professionals must understand the transformations that affect the image of the body valued in the contemporary era.

Relationship of HIV Status and Fatigue, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Myokines, and Physical Activity.

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience high rates of fatigue, which can be improved with physical activity. We examined relationships between HIV infection, fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and myokines. Twenty PLWH and 20 HIV-uninfected adults completed a fatigue assessment, a maximal cardiometabolic exercise test, serum measures of myokines, and wore an accelerometer for 7 days. Measures were completed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. At baseline, PLWH had more fatigue (4.7 ± 2.6 vs. 2.8 ± 2.5, p = .01) and higher peak ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2; 33 ± 5.5 vs. 30.2 ± 2.5; p = .06). Half of PLWH engaged in at least one 10-minute bout of physical activity in the previous week, compared with control subjects (65%). Over time, HIV infection and fibroblast growth factor 21 were associated with fatigue (p < .05). People living with HIV have more fatigue and a higher ventilatory efficiency; expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 may underpin this relationship.

Association between insufficient level of physical activity and multiple health risk behaviors in adolescents

Aim: To verify the association between insufficient level of physical activity and multiple health risk behaviors (HRB) in adolescents. Methods: This is an epidemiological study with cross-sectional design carried out in 2016 with 3,617 adolescents aged 14-19 years and enrolled in the public-school system of Sergipe, northeast Brazil. Data were collected using the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS/WHO). The insufficient level of physical activity was defined as not achieving at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity for 5 days a week. The HRB analyzed were smoking, alcohol consumption, low fruit consumption and exposure to sedentary behavior. The analysis of prevalence odds ratio was used to identify the association between insufficient level of physical activity and HRB, as well as unadjusted and adjusted binary logistic regression for the association between socioeconomic and demographic variables. Results: The prevalence of insufficient level of physical activity was 83.3%. There was association between physical inactivity and low fruit consumption and alcohol consumption (p<0.001). Insufficient level of physical activity was also associated with female sex (OR=1.90, 95% CI, 1.56-2.32), family income of up to 2 minimum wages (OR=1.57, 95% CI, 1.17-2.11), maternal schooling less than 8 years (OR=1.55, 95% CI, 1.28-1.86) and exposure to two different HRB at the same time (OR=1.76, 95% CI, 1.27-2.45). Conclusion: The prevalence of insufficient level of physical activity is high and was associated with multiple HRBs in this understudied population. These findings may support interventions focusing on the cluster of risk behaviors in youth.(AU)

Espaço, tempo e causalidade: a crítica de Merleau-Ponty às ciências / Space, time and causality: Merleau-Ponty's critique of sciences

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo delinear na obra de Merleau-Ponty um movimento crítico em relação às ciências modernas, principalmente à Psicologia, com inspiração nos questionamentos levantados por Husserl acerca do prejuízo relacionado à noção de mundo objetivo, compreendido a partir do paradigma euclidiano de espaço e tempo, que denota um processo de racionalização da natureza que atravessa a filosofia cartesiana e a ciência moderna. Segundo Merleau-Ponty, essa concepção objetiva da Natureza atravessa a ciência biológica e psicológica na dualidade entre causalidade mecanicista, na qual o organismo e comportamento são compreendidos como puros mecanismos, e causalidade finalista, na qual uma finalidade atua como um princípio de organização. Frente a essas posições, as primeiras obras de Merleau-Ponty buscam ultrapassar esse dualismo pela concepção de uma estrutura corporal em relação com o mundo como princípio de organização interior ao corpo próprio e deste com o mundo, apontando para uma vivência do espaço e do tempo mais primordial que aquela do mundo objetivo.(AU)

The present work aims to delineate in Merleau-Ponty's work a critical movement in relation to the modern sciences, mainly to Psychology, with inspiration in the questions raised by Husserl about the damage related to the notion of objective world, ranging from the euclidean paradigm of space and time. It denotes a process of rationalization of the nature through cartesian philosophy and modern sciences. According to Merleau-Ponty, this objective conception of nature passes through biological and psychological science duality between mechanistic causality, in which the body and behavior are understood as pure mechanisms, and finalist causality, in which a purpose acts as an organizing principle. Front of these positions, the first works of Merleau-Ponty seek to overcome this dualism through the conception of a body structure in relation to the world as an interior organizing principle of the body itself and this with the world, pointing to an experience of space and time more primordial than that of the objective world.(AU)

Espaço, tempo e causalidade: a crítica de Merleau-Ponty às ciências / Space, time and causality: Merleau-Ponty’s critique of sciences

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo delinear na obra de Merleau-Ponty um movimento crítico em relação às ciências modernas, principalmente à Psicologia, com inspiração nos questionamentos levantados por Husserl acerca do prejuízo relacionado à noção de mundo objetivo, compreendido a partir do paradigma euclidiano de espaço e tempo, que denota um processo de racionalização da natureza que atravessa a filosofia cartesiana e a ciência moderna. Segundo Merleau-Ponty, essa concepção objetiva da Natureza atravessa a ciência biológica e psicológica na dualidade entre causalidade mecanicista, na qual o organismo e comportamento são compreendidos como puros mecanismos, e causalidade finalista, na qual uma finalidade atua como um princípio de organização. Frente a essas posições, as primeiras obras de Merleau-Ponty buscam ultrapassar esse dualismo pela concepção de uma estrutura corporal em relação com o mundo como princípio de organização interior ao corpo próprio e deste com o mundo, apontando para uma vivência do espaço e do tempo mais primordial que aquela do mundo objetivo.(AU)

The present work aims to delineate in Merleau-Ponty's work a critical movement in relation to the modern sciences, mainly to Psychology, with inspiration in the questions raised by Husserl about the damage related to the notion of objective world, ranging from the euclidean paradigm of space and time. It denotes a process of rationalization of the nature through cartesian philosophy and modern sciences. According to Merleau-Ponty, this objective conception of nature passes through biological and psychological science duality between mechanistic causality, in which the body and behavior are understood as pure mechanisms, and finalist causality, in which a purpose acts as an organizing principle. Front of these positions, the first works of Merleau-Ponty seek to overcome this dualism through the conception of a body structure in relation to the world as an interior organizing principle of the body it self and this with the world, pointing to an experience of space and time more primordial than that of the objective world.(AU)

Elevated homocysteine levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis.

AIM: To evaluate the association between the levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate, vitamin B12 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not treated with ART. METHODS: The PubMed and Scielo databases were searched. Eligible studies regarding plasma Hcy level in HIV-infected patients were firstly identified. After careful analysis by two independent researches, the identified articles were included in the review according to two outcomes (1) Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects vs health controls and; (2) Hcy blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects under ART vs not treated with ART. RevMan (version 5.2) was employed for data synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included in outcome 1 (1649 participants, 932 cases and 717 controls). Outcome 1 meta-analysis demonstrated higher plasma Hcy (2.05 µmol/L; 95%CI: 0.10 to 4.00, P < 0.01) and decreased plasma folate concentrations (-2.74 ng/mL; 95%CI: -5.18 to -0.29, P < 0.01) in HIV-infected patients compared to healthy controls. No changes in vitamin B12 plasma concentration were observed between groups. All studies included in the outcome 2 meta-analysis (1167 participants; 404 HIV-infected exposed to ART and 757 HIV-infected non-ART patients) demonstrated higher mean Hcy concentration in subjects HIV-infected under ART compared to non-ART HIV subjects (4.13 µmol/L; 95%CI: 1.34 to 6.92, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the levels of Hcy and folate, but not vitamin B12, were associated with HIV infection. In addition, Hcy levels were higher in HIV-infected patients who were under ART compared to HIV-infected patients who were not exposed to ART. Our results suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia should be included among the several important metabolic disturbances that are associated with ART in patients with HIV infection.

A história das cinco fotos preferidas do BBT-Br como processo de simbolização / A history based on the five favorite photos in the Berufsbilder-Test (BBT-Br) as a process of symbolization / La historia de las cinco fotos preferidas por el BBT-Br como proceso de simbolización

A trajetória profissional decorre das identificações frutificadas nas primitivas experiências da infância e das modificações identitárias da adolescência. Os conceitos de simbolismo, reparação e sublimação elucidam esse processo e os conflitos internos no âmbito das escolhas profissionais. O presente estudo de caso objetiva discutir a psicodinâmica da escolha profissional por meio dos conceitos mencionados e da narrativa produzida sobre as cinco fotos preferidas do Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT-Br) por um rapaz de 17 anos. Os elementos qualitativos da história revelam componentes defensivos, corroborados pela análise quantitativa dos fatores escolhidos e rejeitados. As associações estabelecidas possibilitam compreender as escolhas profissionais do jovem, pois encadeiam as imagens, indutoras do processo de simbolização, e garantem a compreensão de seu conjunto. O BBT-Br evidencia-se útil no entendimento da dinâmica interna dos orientandos e de aspectos que podem ser manejados na prática clínica.

Career can result from identifications came to fruition during early childhood experiences and identity modifications occurred during adolescence. The concepts of symbolism, reparation and sublimation clarify the process and the inner conflicts in the domain of career choice. This study aims at discussing the psychodynamics of career choice by means of the concepts mentioned above and the narrative produced about the five favorite photos in the Berufsbilder-Test (BBT-Br) by a 17-year-old boy. The qualitative data in his history disclose defensive constituents, corroborated by the quantitative analysis of both the chosen and the rejected factors. The associations established make it possible to understand the youth's career choices as the association link the images which can induce the symbolization process and also lead to the understanding of the data. The BBT-Br has proved useful to help psychologists understand their clients' inner dynamic as well as aspects that can be uses in clinical practice.

La trayectoria profesional deriva de las identificaciones fructificadas en las primeras experiencias de la infancia y de las modificaciones identificativas de la adolescencia. Los conceptos de simbolismo, reparación y sublimación dilucidan este proceso y los conflictos internos en el ámbito de las elecciones profesionales. El presente estudio de caso busca discutir la psicodinámica de la elección profesional por medio de los conceptos mencionados y de la narrativa producida sobre las cinco fotos preferidas del Test de Fotos de Profesiones (BBT-Br) por un joven de 17 años. Los elementos cualitativos de la historia revelan componentes defensivos, corroborados por el análisis cuantitativo de los factores escogidos y rechazados. Las asociaciones establecidas permiten comprender las elecciones profesionales del joven, pues encadenan las imágenes inductoras del proceso de simbolización, y garantizan la comprensión de su conjunto. El BBT-Br se evidencia útil en el entendimiento de la dinámica interna de los aprendices y de aspectos que pueden ser manejados en la práctica clínica.

A história das cinco fotos preferidas do BBT-Br como processo de simbolização / A history based on the five favorite photos in the Berufsbilder-Test (BBT-Br) as a process of symbolization / La historia de las cinco fotos preferidas por el BBT-Br como proceso de simbolización

A trajetória profissional decorre das identificações frutificadas nas primitivas experiências da infância e das modificações identitárias da adolescência. Os conceitos de simbolismo, reparação e sublimação elucidam esse processo e os conflitos internos no âmbito das escolhas profissionais. O presente estudo de caso objetiva discutir a psicodinâmica da escolha profissional por meio dos conceitos mencionados e da narrativa produzida sobre as cinco fotos preferidas do Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT-Br) por um rapaz de 17 anos. Os elementos qualitativos da história revelam componentes defensivos, corroborados pela análise quantitativa dos fatores escolhidos e rejeitados. As associações estabelecidas possibilitam compreender as escolhas profissionais do jovem, pois encadeiam as imagens, indutoras do processo de simbolização, e garantem a compreensão de seu conjunto. O BBT-Br evidencia-se útil no entendimento da dinâmica interna dos orientandos e de aspectos que podem ser manejados na prática clínica.(AU)

Career can result from identifications came to fruition during early childhood experiences and identity modifications occurred during adolescence. The concepts of symbolism, reparation and sublimation clarify the process and the inner conflicts in the domain of career choice. This study aims at discussing the psychodynamics of career choice by means of the concepts mentioned above and the narrative produced about the five favorite photos in the Berufsbilder-Test (BBT-Br) by a 17-year-old boy. The qualitative data in his history disclose defensive constituents, corroborated by the quantitative analysis of both the chosen and the rejected factors. The associations established make it possible to understand the youth's career choices as the association link the images which can induce the symbolization process and also lead to the understanding of the data. The BBT-Br has proved useful to help psychologists understand their clients' inner dynamic as well as aspects that can be uses in clinical practice.(AU)

La trayectoria profesional deriva de las identificaciones fructificadas en las primeras experiencias de la infancia y de las modificaciones identificativas de la adolescencia. Los conceptos de simbolismo, reparación y sublimación dilucidan este proceso y los conflictos internos en el ámbito de las elecciones profesionales. El presente estudio de caso busca discutir la psicodinámica de la elección profesional por medio de los conceptos mencionados y de la narrativa producida sobre las cinco fotos preferidas del Test de Fotos de Profesiones (BBT-Br) por un joven de 17 años. Los elementos cualitativos de la historia revelan componentes defensivos, corroborados por el análisis cuantitativo de los factores escogidos y rechazados. Las asociaciones establecidas permiten comprender las elecciones profesionales del joven, pues encadenan las imágenes inductoras del proceso de simbolización, y garantizan la comprensión de su conjunto. El BBT-Br se evidencia útil en el entendimiento de la dinámica interna de los aprendices y de aspectos que pueden ser manejados en la práctica clínica.(AU)

Desejo e negatividade na filosofia de Merleau-Ponty

O presente trabalho visa discutir, a partir das últimas obras de Merleau-Ponty, a articulação entre sua noção de desejo e o conceito de negativo. A pesquisa buscou primeiramente traçar o que o filósofo denomina de arqueologia do contato primordial do corpo com o mundo buscando a camada pré-objetiva de abertura perceptiva a ele, a sentidos que não foram constituídos pelo sujeito, que o ultrapassam e lhe determinam vetores de sentido. Os temas arqueológicos enfocam as noções de instituição e passividade, a relação da corporeidade humana com a animalidade, e o esquema corporal como abertura estesiológica e libidinal ao mundo, questões que nos abrem a dimensão transtemporal e transespacial do corpo, que arrasta consigo um passado que retoma e antecipa as possibilidades do porvir. A partir desses tópicos, compreende-se que o desejo é busca de ser o dentro do fora e o fora do dentro no sistema de trocas do corpo com o mundo. É nesse sentido que se podem ressaltar algumas noções psicanalíticas, pois elas permitem apreender essa topologia arqueológica do contato, aí estruturações de sentido que nos permitem significar o mundo, e que não são de autoria de uma consciência constituinte. Por outro lado, o trabalho discutiu a idéia de negativo na obra do filósofo, a partir de seu diálogo com Sartre...(AU)

The following thesis aims to discuss, from the latest works by Merleau-Ponty, the balance between the notion of desire and the concept of negative. The research looked for, at first, trace what the philosopher called archeology of the primordial contact of the body to the world, seeking the pre-objective layer of the perceptual opening to him, to senses wich were not composed by the subject, that exceeded himself and gave him arrays of sense. The archeologicals themes focus the notions of institution and passivity, the relation between human corporeality and animality, and the body scheme as esthesiologic and libidinal opening to the world, issues that bring us the transtemporal and trans-spatial dimensioning of the body, that draws a past which comes back and anticipates the possibilities of the future. Based on these topics, we understand that the desire is the seeking of being the inside of outside and the outside of the inside in the system of trading between the body and the world. In this sense we can highlight some psychoanalytic concepts, as they allow us to capture this archaeological topology of the contact, the structuring of the senses which allow us mean the world, and do not belong to a constitutive conciousness. On the other hand, the thesis discussed the idea of the negative in the work of the philosopher, from his dialogue with Sartre,...(AU)

[Insecticide effects of natural amides from Piper and of the synthetic derivative tetrahydropiperine on Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)]. / Efeito inseticida de amidas naturais de Piper e do derivado sintético tetraidropiperina sobre Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) E Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

The insecticide activity of piperine, cinamoil amide, and tetrahydropiperine against Lucilia cuprina and Musca domestica adults were conducted at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. Chemicals were topically applied on thoracic areas of the flies and the toxicity was determined after 24 and 48 hr post treatment and LD50 were calculated using Probit Analysis. Tetrahydropiperine (THP amide) was the only substance which demonstrated insecticide activity against both species of flies. LD50 against L. cuprina and M. domestica were 16.25 and 7.65 microg/fly, respectively, after 24 hr of treatment. Similar results were observed after 48 hr post treatment because the LD50's were 18.03 and 6.57 microg/fly, respectively. Males of L. cuprina were more resistant to tetrahydropiperine than females. However females of M. domestica were more resistant to the insecticide than males.