The dynamics of household water security and treatment practices: a population-based, cross-sectional study in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria.

A minimum of basic water supply service is pertinent to improving living standards and water-dependent quality of life indices. In Nigeria, 14% have access to safely managed drinking water services, though approximately 30% of water pumps and schemes are likely to fail within 12 months of construction. This study aims to determine household water security and its predictors in Osun State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional study recruited 548 households through a five-stage sampling technique and used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. Results were presented by descriptive and inferential statistics, while binary logistic regression identified water-security predictors at Pά 0.05. Hand-dug wells (27.7%) and motorized boreholes (21.2%) were the predominant household drinking water sources. A total of 43.7% of households were water-secured while 35.2% of water sources were within residential settlements. A total of 25.1% of households experienced water scarcity, and 27.2% of households treat drinking water mainly by chlorination (56.7%) and boiling (14.7%). A total of 21.2%, 64.2%, and 9% of households, respectively, have safely managed basic and limited water supply services. Drinking water sources were associated with house ownership (p = 0.001) and residence period (p = 0.025) while water treatment was associated with gender (p = 0.010) and wealth (p = 0.0001). Age (p = 0.002) and wealth (p = 0.0001) are predictors of household water security. Two-fifths of households were water-secured, highlighting the dearth of potable water supply services and the need to incorporate strategic predictors of household water security in the existing national and state-level water resources regulations.

Menstrual hygiene management inequalities among school girls in Badagry, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: The study assessed menstrual hygiene management (MHM) inequalities among public and private in-school adolescents in Badagry, southwest Nigeria. Also assessed was the impact of available water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities on MHM within the school premises. METHODS: For this descriptive cross-sectional study, 420 students were selected via multi-stage sampling and data were obtained via a validated semi-structured questionnaire and observational checklist. Data were analysed at 95% confidence limit. RESULTS: The students had a mean age of 15.3 ± 1.6 years. All the private schools had functioning WASH facilities whereas only 50% of public schools did. The toilet to student ratios for the private and public schools were 1:155 and 1:296, respectively. Over two-thirds (67.1%) of the students reportedly use sanitary napkins for MHM, followed by tissue (17.1%) and clothes (15.5%). Additionally, the private school students were two times less likely to use alternatives to sanitary napkins and 9.8 times more likely to obtain sanitary materials at school if required (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of public-school menstruating in-school adolescents changed their sanitary towels in the bush (p = 0.003) due to lack of privacy and took their used sanitary materials home (p < 0.001) for management due to reduced access to sanitary bins. CONCLUSION: Even though the situation in the public schools was worse, both public and private schools lack the enabling environment for MHM. School health promotion interventions, such as provision of subsidised/affordable menstrual pads and basic WASH facilities and campaigns to break the culture of silence are required for the wellbeing of girls.

Heavy metal analysis of drinking water supply, wastewater management, and human health risk assessment across secondary schools in Badagry coastal community, Lagos State, Nigeria.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate drinking water and wastewater management facilities, as well as the health risk associated with heavy metal contamination of available water sources among Badagry schools. According to Joint Monitoring Program classification, majority (60%) of the schools provided basic water service, 10% limited service, whereas 30% provided no service. Water quality parameters such as pH, Pb, Cr, Cd, and E. Coli count were above the permissible limits in both public and private schools. None of the schools had wastewater management facilities, thereby leading to ponding. Pb and Cr posed a carcinogenic risk to the consumers as they exceeded the permissible 10-5. Even though majority of the schools provided basic water service, the contamination of majority of the water sources and the absence of structured-drainage channels in all the schools was bothersome. Prompt intervention is required to safeguard and maintain the integrity of the students' health.

Occupational and Environmental Health Risks Associated with Informal Sector Activities-Selected Case Studies from West Africa.

Most in the Economic Community of West African States region are employed in the informal sector. While the informal sector plays a significant role in the region's economy, policymakers and the scientific community have long neglected it. To better understand informal-sector work conditions, the goal here is to bring together researchers to exchange findings and catalyze dialogue. The article showcases research studies on several economic systems, namely agriculture, resource extraction, transportation, and trade/commerce. Site-specific cases are provided concerning occupational health risks within artisanal and small-scale gold mining, aggregate mining, gasoline trade, farming and pesticide applications, and electronic waste recycling. These cases emphasize the vastness of the informal sector and that the majority of work activities across the region remain poorly documented, and thus no data or knowledge is available to help improve conditions and formulate policies and programs to promote and ensure decent work conditions.

Determinants of households' willingness-to-pay for private solid waste management services in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The study examined the determinants of willingness-to-pay for private solid waste disposal systems by urban households in Ibadan, Nigeria. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 552 households for the study. Data obtained from survey were analysed using a logit model-based contingent valuation. Evidence from the logit model indicated that seven variables had significant influence on the households' willingness-to-pay. Of these, income and asset owned were positive and significant at P < 0.01 but amount of willingness-to-pay and firm services were negative and significant at P < 0.01. Education and occupation were positive and significant at the P < 0.05 level while age was negative and significant at P < 0.10. The implication is that households have certain socio-economic characteristics, which influence their willingness-to-pay for solid waste disposal. The study recommends government intervention in a variety of forms such as encouraging public-private participation in solid waste disposal, an aggressive environmental clean-up campaign, decentralization of Waste Management Boards and privatization of some aspects of waste management to ameliorate solid waste problems and improve health.