Testing different 3D techniques using geometric morphometrics: Implications for cranial fluctuating asymmetry in humans.

This study aimed to test the performance of 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner in detecting cranial fluctuating asymmetry. Sets of 32 landmarks (6 in the midline and 13 bilateral) were acquired from 14 archeological crania using a 3D digitizer, and from 3D models generated from a CT scanner and surface scanner using Viewbox 4. Levels of shape variation were analyzed in MorphoJ using Procrustes analysis of variance and Principal component analysis. Intra-observer error accounted for 1.7%, 1.8%, and 4.5% of total shape variation for 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner respectively. Fluctuating asymmetry accounted for 15%-16% of total shape variation. Variation between techniques accounted for 18% of total shape variation. We found a higher level of missing landmarks in our surface scan data than for both 3D digitizer and CT scanner data, and both 3D model-based techniques sometimes obscured taphonomic damage. All three 3D techniques are appropriate for measuring cranial fluctuating asymmetry. We advise against combining data collected with different techniques.

Homicide victims concealed in a freezer.

Freezing as a method for hiding a body is rare. We report here a homicide case in which three bodies were concealed in a freezer. This presented the pathologist with the problem of how to thaw the bodies and simultaneously avoid decomposition of the uppermost body. The problem was solved by slow thawing in a refrigerated morgue and by removing the bodies one after the other from top to bottom. The victims were a 27-year old mother and her two daughters, 7 and 9 years of age. The perpetrator was the 34-year old now-divorced husband and father. All were refugees from Syria. The perpetrator fled back to Syria. He was later arrested in Syria, confessed the crime and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The autopsy findings is discussed and compared to finding reported in the scientific literature.

Coelomic Transport and Clearance of Durable Foreign Bodies by Starfish (Asterias rubens).

Echinoderms have excellent healing and regeneration abilities, but little is known about how they deal with the related challenge of durable foreign bodies that become lodged within their bodies. Here we report a novel mechanism for foreign body elimination in starfish. When injected into the arm of a starfish, passive integrated transponder tags and magnets of similar dimensions are eliminated at a rate approximating 10% per day. These objects are forcefully ejected through the body wall at the distal tip of an arm. Ultrasound images reveal that foreign bodies are moved within the body cavity, and tracking of magnets injected into starfish suggests that the movements are haphazard rather than directed. Constrictions of the body wall near the foreign object are the likely mechanism for this transport process. Open questions include the ecological relevance of this behavior, why clearance occurs through the distal tips of the arms, the neurological and muscular control of this behavior, what other animals use this mechanism, and the range of objects starfish can eliminate in this way.