Prevalence and Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences in an Interdisciplinary, School-Based Pediatric Clinic.

INTRODUCTION: This study's purpose was to ascertain the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a pediatric population and their connection to other health history information. METHOD: Using health history data, a retrospective, descriptive study was undertaken with 1,028 children seen at a school-based, interprofessional clinic over 1 academic year. RESULTS: Nearly 58% of children had at least one ACE, and 9.5% had four or more, similar to the prevalence of ACEs in adults reported in the original study by Felitti et al. (1998). With increasing ACEs, children had higher rates of intrauterine drug exposure, intensive care on delivery, homelessness, substance abuse, behavioral problems, mental illness, learning difficulties, and weight issues. DISCUSSION: Because ACEs are prevalent among children, pediatric providers should use trauma-informed care principles and teach and model a loving and supportive adult presence in children's lives.

Hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates: synthesis, stability, and quantification in ambient aerosol.

Organosulfates have been proposed as contributors to aerosol growth and have been detected in both chamber and atmospheric aerosol samples. We present a simple method for the synthesis of quantitative analytical standards of two small hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates, glycolic and lactic acid sulfate. Additionally, we discuss the stability of hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates and their previously proposed sulfate hemiacetal isomers in commonly used solvents for filter extraction. The hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates were found to be stable under acidic conditions comparable to those found in ambient aerosol. By using synthesized standards, quantitative organosulfate concentrations were measured from ambient particulate matter (PM(2.5)) collected in urban locations in the United States, Mexico City, and Pakistan. Lactic acid sulfate and glycolic acid sulfate concentrations ranged 0.4-3.8 ng/m(3) and 1.9-11.3 ng/m(3), respectively. We propose that glycolic acid sulfate represents an important tracer for atmospheric processes that form organosulfates in ambient particulate matter.