Opportunities and challenges of tackling Scope 3 "Indirect" emissions from residential hot water.

The water sector could play a major role towards a Net Zero greenhouse gas (GHG) future if Scope 3 emissions were embraced and operationalised. Significant opportunities and challenges exist in tackling Scope 3 emissions including those associated with customer hot water use. Present GHG emission reduction practices predominantly focus on Scope 1 "within utility" and Scope 2 "purchased energy" emissions. In the urban water cycle, Scope 3 "indirect" emissions dominate, and water use is only one example of Scope 3 emissions. Over 90% of all water cycle GHG emissions can be attributed to water use in residential, industrial and commercial premises, collectively some 7% of global GHG emissions. One possibility is for water utilities to actively support efficient hot water use such as new ultra-low flow shower heads. Scope 3 opportunities also offer a range of cost-effective emissions-reduction opportunities, particularly when the wider perspective of "community value" is considered and not just a "business financial perspective". Hot water efficiency is additionally essential to Net Zero carbon futures, even with decarbonised grids, because most major Net Zero roadmaps require energy efficiency gains. Scientific and management advance needed includes: accounting methodologies, clear roles, collaboration, new business models, and clear definitions. The water sector has the opportunity to play a significant role in achieving Net Zero cities. The decision how much is yet to be made.

Exposure to Low to Moderate Doses of Ionizing Radiation Induces A Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Ly6chigh Monocytes and a U-Curved Response of T Cells in APOE -/- Mice.

Low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is known to have a protective effect on atherosclerosis in rodent studies, but how it impacts different cells types involved in lesion formation remains incompletely understood. We investigated the immunomodulatory response of different doses and dose-rates of irradiation in ApoE-/- mice. Mice were exposed to external γ rays at very low (1.4 mGy.h-1) or low (50 mGy.h-1) dose-rates, with cumulative doses spanning 50 to 1000 mGy. Flow cytometry of circulating cells revealed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory Ly6CHi monocytes at all cumulative doses at low dose-rate, but more disparate effects at very low dose-rate with reductions in Ly6CHi cells at doses of 50, 100 and 750 mGy only. In contrast, Ly6CLo monocytes were not affected by LDIR. Similarly, proportions of CD4+ T cell subsets in the spleen did not differ between irradiated mice and non-irradiated controls, whether assessing CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory or CD69+ activated lymphocytes. In the aorta, gene expression of cytokines such as IL-1 and TGF-ß and adhesion molecules such as E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were reduced at the intermediate dose of 200 mGy. These results suggest that LDIR may reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation by selectively reducing blood pro-inflammatory monocytes and by impairing adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory processes in the vessel wall. In contrast, splenic T lymphocytes were not affected by LDIR. Furthermore, some responses to irradiation were nonlinear; reductions in aortic gene expression were significant at intermediate doses, but not at either highest or lowest doses. This work furthers our understanding of the impact of LDIR with different dose-rates on immune system response in the context of atherosclerosis.

Seasonal variation of Mastophorus muris (Nematoda: Spirurida) in the water vole Arvicola amphibius from southern Sweden.

This study focused on the spirurid nematode Mastophorus muris in water voles (Arvicola amphibius) trapped in three regions in southern Sweden during spring and fall 2013. The collection of water voles formed part of a larger project (EMIRO) on the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in rodents. The voles' stomach contents were examined for the presence of M. muris. Prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of infection were calculated. A generalized linear model model was used to examine the effects of sex, functional group, season and region on the number of M. muris individuals in each vole. Forty-seven of 181 (26%) voles were infected with M. muris, with up to 74 worms each. The overall mean intensity (worms per infected vole) was 15 (95% CI 10-21), and abundance (mean number of worms in all voles) was 4 (95% CI 2-6). Model output indicated a significant effect of season and region with respect to abundance of nematode infection, which was independent of sex and functional group of the investigated host.

Processes of change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Applied Relaxation for long-standing pain.

BACKGROUND: The utility of cognitive behavioural (CB) interventions for chronic pain has been supported in numerous studies. This includes Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which has gained increased empirical support. Previous research suggests that improvements in pain catastrophizing and psychological inflexibility are related to improvements in treatment outcome in this type of treatment. Although a few studies have evaluated processes of change in CB-interventions, there is a particular need for mediation analyses that use multiple assessments to model change in mediators and outcome over time, and that incorporate the specified timeline between mediator and outcome in the data analytic model. METHODS: This study used session-to-session assessments to evaluate if psychological inflexibility, catastrophizing, and pain intensity mediated the effects of treatment on pain interference. Analyses were based on data from a previously conducted randomized controlled trial (n = 60) evaluating the efficacy of ACT and Applied Relaxation (AR). A moderated mediation model based on linear mixed models was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Neither catastrophizing nor pain intensity mediated changes in pain interference for any of the treatments. In contrast, psychological inflexibility mediated effects on outcome in ACT but not in AR. CONCLUSIONS: Results add to previous findings illustrating the role of psychological inflexibility as a mediator in ACT.

Epilepsy in patients with primary brain tumors: The impact on mood, cognition, and HRQOL.

BACKGROUND: A primary brain tumor (PBT) is often a fatal disease of the nervous system and has a serious impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Presence of epilepsy and adverse reactions from tumor and epilepsy treatments may cause additional decline in HRQOL. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the impact of epileptic seizures on cognition, mood, and HRQOL in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Patients were grouped on an ordinal scale according to epilepsy burden from none to severe based on the presence of epileptic seizures and seizure frequency: L1, no epilepsy; L2, with epilepsy, seizure-free in the last 6 months with antiepileptic drugs; and L3, with epilepsy, at least one seizure in the last 6 months with AEDs. Health-related quality of life was measured by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) tools, cognition by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), mood by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), activities of daily living (ADLs) by the Barthel Index (BI), and performance status by the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale in patients with primary brain tumors at least one month following neurosurgery with or without radiotherapy and chemotherapy. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with a diagnosis of primary brain tumors were recruited. Sixty-eight percent of patients were diagnosed with primary brain tumor-related epilepsy, 50.61% patients had cognitive impairment, 33% had abnormal scores in the anxiety scale, and 34% had abnormal scores in the depression scale. There were no statistically significant differences in these scores among L1, L2, and L3 groups. There were statistically significant differences in duration of disease and KPS and BI scores between L1 and L3 groups. The L3 group has significantly longer duration of disease and scored low in both the BI and KPS scale when compared to the L1 group. All patients with primary brain tumors scored significantly low in FACT-Br 'physical well-being' (PWB) and 'emotional well-being' (EWB) and high in 'social well-being' (SWB) when compared to healthy controls. When scores of each group were individually compared to healthy controls, the L3 group showed the lowest scores in PWB, EWB, and 'functional well-being'. In SWB, L1 and L2 groups showed statistically significantly high scores when compared to normative data. The QOLIE-31 applied to groups with epilepsy showed statistically significantly lower scores in the L3 group when compared to the L2 group in 'cognitive' and 'social functioning' domains. On multivariate analysis, both poor performance status and frequency of seizures were found to be independent risk factors for poor HRQOL when FACT-Br mean scores were compared. Level of seizures was found to be an independent risk factor for poor HRQOL when QOLIE-31 scores were compared between L2 and L3 groups. DISCUSSION: Presence of brain tumors could be attributed to cognitive impairment irrespective of the presence of epilepsy in our cohort. High seizure burden is an independent risk factor for poor HRQOL in patients with primary brain tumors. The QOLIE-31 is a more sensitive tool than the FACT-Br because of the presence of a seizure-related questionnaire.

Instrumentation, control and automation in wastewater--from London 1973 to Narbonne 2013.

Key developments of instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) applications in wastewater systems during the past 40 years are highlighted in this paper. From the first ICA conference in 1973 through to today there has been a tremendous increase in the understanding of the processes, instrumentation, computer systems and control theory. However, many developments have not been addressed here, such as sewer control, drinking water treatment and water distribution control. It is hoped that this review can stimulate new attempts to more effectively apply control and automation in water systems in the coming years.

Aeration control - a review.

This review covers automatic control of continuous aeration systems in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The review focuses on published research in the 21st century and describes research into various methods to decide and control the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and to control the aerobic volume with special focus on plants with nitrogen removal. Important aspects of control system implementation and success are discussed, together with a critical review of published research on the topic. With respect to DO control and determination, the strategies used for control span from modifications and developments of conventional control methods which have been explored since the 1970s, to advanced control such as model-based predictive and optimal controllers. The review is supplemented with a summary of comparisons between control strategies evaluated in full-scale, pilot-scale and in simulations.

Hypomania spectrum disorders from adolescence to adulthood: a 15-year follow-up of a community sample.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of scientific knowledge about the broader spectrum of hypomania in adolescence and the course over time. To investigate this, we used longitudinal data spanning from adolescence to age 31 years. METHOD: A community sample of adolescents (N=2300) was screened for depressive symptoms. Adolescents (16-17 years) with a positive screening and matched controls were interviewed with a structured diagnostic interview. A blinded follow-up assessment was conducted 15 years later, with a structured diagnostic interview covering the age span 19-31 years. Questions about treatment and family history were included. RESULTS: Ninety adolescents (16-17 years) with a lifetime hypomania spectrum episode (3.9% of the total sample) were identified: 40 with fullsyndromal, 18 with brief-episode (<4 day), and 32 with subsyndromal (1-2 main symptoms and 1-2 additional symptoms) hypomania. The hypomania symptoms reported by the fullsyndromal and the brief-episode groups were similar, whereas the subsyndromal group per definition reported fewer symptoms. Of the 90 adolescents with a hypomania spectrum episode, 64 (71%) participated in the follow-up interview. Mania in adulthood was reported by 2 (3%), hypomania by an additional 4 (6%), and major depression by 38 (59%). Incidence of mood episodes in adulthood did not differ between the subgroups of hypomania spectrum. LIMITATIONS: 29% of the participants with hypomania spectrum were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that only a small proportion of adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes continue to have (hypo)mania in adulthood. Thus, maintenance or prophylactic treatment does not seem warranted for this group.

Acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread pain and co-morbid symptoms such as fatigue and depression. For FM, medical treatments alone appear insufficient. Recent meta-analyses point to the utility of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), but effects are moderate. Within the continuous development of CBT, the empirical support for acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has increased rapidly. ACT focuses on improving functioning by increasing the patient's ability to act in accordance with personal values also in the presence of pain and distress (i.e., psychological flexibility). However, no study has yet explored the utility of ACT in FM. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of ACT for FM and the role of psychological inflexibility as a mediator of improvement. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, ACT was evaluated in comparison to a waiting list control condition. Forty women diagnosed with FM participated in the study. Assessments were made pre- and post-treatment and at 3 months of follow-up. The ACT intervention consisted of 12 weekly group sessions. RESULTS: Significant differences in favour of ACT were seen in pain-related functioning, FM impact, mental health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and psychological inflexibility. Changes in psychological inflexibility during the course of treatment were found to mediate pre- to follow-up improvements in outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results correspond with previous studies on ACT for chronic pain and suggest the utility of ACT for FM as well as the role of psychological inflexibility as a mediator of improvement.

Investigations and actions taken during 2011 due to the first finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in Sweden.

Echinococcus multilocularis is a parasite that can cause alveolar echinococcosis disease. After the first positive finding of E. multilocularis in Sweden in 2011, a consulting group with representatives from relevant authorities was summoned. In this group, all relevant information was shared, strategies for information dissemination and any actions to be taken due to the finding of E. multilocularis were discussed and decided. The present paper describes the actions taken during 2011 and the results thereof, including surveillance in animals, risk assessment for humans to become infected and recommendations given to the public. Further discussion about whether the parasite was introduced, and if so, how, as well as possible future development of the infection in animals and humans in Sweden and future actions are included.

Strength characteristics of aerobic granular sludge.

Aerobic granular sludge has a number of advantages over conventional activated sludge flocs, such as cohesive and strong matrix, fast settling characteristic, high biomass retention and ability to withstand high organic loadings, all aspects leading towards a compact reactor system. Still there are very few studies on the strength of aerobic granules. A procedure that has been used previously for anaerobic granular sludge strength analysis was adapted and used in this study. A new coefficient was introduced, called a stability coefficient (S), to quantify the strength of the aerobic granules. Indicators were also developed based on the strength analysis results, in order to categorize aerobic granules into three levels of strength, i.e. very strong (very stable), strong (stable) and not strong (not stable). The results indicated that aerobic granules grown on acetate were stronger (high density: >150 g T SSL(-1) and low S value: 5%) than granules developed on sewage as influent. A lower value of S indicates a higher stability of the granules.

The effect of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) on biofouling in a hybrid membrane bioreactor for the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater.

Biofouling is a crucial factor in membrane bioreactor (MBR) applications, particularly for high organic loading operations. This paper reports a study on biofouling in an MBR to establish a relationship between critical flux, Jc, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) (ranging from 5 to 20 g L-1) and volumetric loading rate (6.3 kg COD m-3 h-1) of palm oil mill effluent (POME). A lab-scale 100 L hybrid MBR consisting of anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic reactors was used with flat sheet microfiltration (MF) submerged in the aerobic compartment. The food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio was maintained at 0.18 kg COD kg-1 MLSSd-1. The biofouling tendency of the membrane was obtained based on the flux against the transmembrane pressure (TMP) behaviour. The critical flux is sensitive to the MLSS. At the MLSS 20 g L-1 the critical flux is about four times lower than that for the MLSS concentration of 5 g L-1. The results showed high removal efficiency of denitrification and nitrification up to 97% at the MLSS concentration 20 g L-1. The results show that the operation has to compromise between a high and a low MLSS concentration. The former will favour a higher removal rate, while the latter will favour a higher critical flux.

Intimate relationships and childbearing after adolescent depression: a population-based 15 year follow-up study.

PURPOSE: Adolescent depression is associated with a range of interpersonal adversities. We hypothesized that depressed adolescents are at subsequent increased risk of problems related to intimate relationships and childbearing in adulthood, and used longitudinal data to examine this. METHOD: A population-based investigation of depression in 16 to 17 year olds was followed up after 15 years, at around the age of 30 years. Comparisons were made between adolescents with depression (n = 361, 78% females) and non-depressed peers (n = 248, 77% females). Data from both national registers and personal interviews were used. RESULTS: At follow-up, the former depressed and non-depressed adolescents had become parents to a similar extent. The former depressed females were more likely than the non-depressed females to report abortion, miscarriage, intimate partner violence and sexually transmitted disease. They also reported a higher number of intimate relationships and were more likely to have divorced and to be registered as single mothers. Depressed females with a comorbid disruptive disorder had a particularly poor outcome. In the depressed females without a disruptive disorder, only those who subsequently had recurrent depressions in adulthood were at increased risk of poor outcome. There was no indication that the formerly depressed males were at increased risk of subsequent problems related to intimate relationships. CONCLUSION: Females with adolescent depression subsequently have problems related to intimate relationships and childbearing. Disruptive disorders and recurrence of depression appear to be instrumental in this association. Attention should be given to intimate relationship problems and sexual and reproductive health issues in young women with depression.

Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the unfavourable natural course of chronic/long-term depression. We investigated the adult mental health outcome of adolescent depression, with specific focus on long-term and episodic adolescent major depression (MD). METHODS: A community sample of depressed adolescents and non-depressed peers was followed-up with a structured diagnostic interview after 15 years. The participants (n=382) were divided into five groups depending on their status in adolescence: no depression (n=155); long-term MD (n=91); episodic MD (n=63); dysthymia (n=33); and subthreshold symptoms (n=40). Outcomes (age 19-31) included mood disorders, other mental disorders, suicidality, and treatment for mental disorders. RESULTS: The long-term group overall had a poorer outcome than the non-depressed group, with the episodic group in an intermediate position. The outcome of the dysthymic group was similar to that of the long-term group, while the subsyndromal group did not differ markedly from the non-depressed group. The long-term group was more likely than the episodic group to report adult anxiety disorders, multiple mental disorders, suicide attempts, and treatment; they also seemed to develop more persistent adult depressions, with a higher number of recurrent episodes and longer duration of antidepressant treatment. Even after adjustment for adolescent factors of clinical and etiological importance, the long-term group had a markedly less favourable outcome than the episodic group. LIMITATION: The participation rate at follow-up was 64.6%. CONCLUSION: Longstanding depression in adolescence is a powerful predictor of continued mental health problems in adulthood. It is now important to evaluate if early interventions can alter this severe course.

Subsequent higher education after adolescent depression: a 15-year follow-up register study.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent depression has been shown to have a range of adverse outcomes. We used longitudinal data to investigate subsequent higher education in former depressed adolescents. METHOD: A Swedish population-based investigation of depression in 16-17-year-olds was followed up in national registers 15 years later. Adolescents with depression (n=361, 78% females) were compared to a group of non-depressed peers of the same age (n=248, 77% females). The main outcome was graduation from higher education by age 30. RESULTS: The adolescent with depression were less likely than their non-depressed peers to have graduated from higher education by age 30, both regarding females (27.7% vs. 36.4%, p<.05) and males (12.7% vs. 28.6%, p<.05). After adjustment for early school performance, socioeconomic status and maternal education, the decreased likelihood of subsequent graduation from higher education remained for depressed males (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.93) but not for depressed females (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.58-1.49). CONCLUSION: Contrary to what previous research has suggested, adolescent depression and its consequences might be particularly destructive to subsequent higher education in males.

Intellectual profile and level of IQ among a clinical group of obese children and adolescents.

This study explored intellectual profile of children attending a clinic for obesity and to what extent their characteristics predicted full scale IQ. Totally, 60 patients aged 8-16 years were recruited consecutively from the National Childhood Obesity Centre at Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden. These patients were tested using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Of these 60 patients, 51 (85%) parents gave informed consent for their children's results to be included in this study (mean age 12.94, standard deviation, SD 2.42). The children's mean full scale IQ was 85.39. Parental education was strongly associated with child IQ. After adjustment for parental education, female gender and a higher level of obesity were associated with lower IQ. Obese children are at increased risk of having below average IQ and strategies to tackle associated problems should be developed in paediatric obesity clinics.

Pharmacokinetics after an intravenous single dose of the opioid ketobemidone in children.

BACKGROUND: Ketobemidone is often used as an alternative to morphine in children in the Scandinavian countries. The aim of this clinical trial was to explore the pharmacokinetics of ketobemidone in children because these properties have not been reported previously. METHODS: Thirty children, newborn to 10 years, scheduled for elective surgery were included in the trial. Ketobemidone hydrochloride was administered as a single intravenous bolus dose and ketobemidone and norketobemidone concentrations were measured by LC-MS over 8 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using compartmental methods. RESULTS: Six children were excluded from pharmacokinetic analysis because of incomplete blood sampling. The values of ketobemidone clearance (l/h/kg) given as median (range) were 0.84 (0.29-3.0) in Group A (0-90 days), 0.89 (0.55-1.35) in Group B (1-2.5 years) and 0.74 (0.50-0.99) in Group C (7-10 years). The corresponding values for apparent volume of distribution (l/kg) were 4.4 (3.7-6.9) (Group A), 2.6 (2.0-5.6) (Group B) and 3.9 (2.7-5.0 (Group C), and for elimination half-life (h) 3.0 (1.4-8.9) (Group A), 2.0 (1.2-4.7) (Group B) and 3.7 (2.4-6.9) (Group C), respectively. In the two neonates the elimination half-life was almost 9 h. The metabolite norketobemidone did not reach levels above the limit of quantification (0.07 ng/ml) in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketobemidone in children older than 1 month appear to be similar to those in adults. Because of the large interindividual variability of the pharmacokinetics in neonates, further studies especially in this age group are warranted.

Respirometric analysis of activated sludge models from palm oil mill effluent.

Activated sludge models (ASMs) have been widely used as a basis for further model development in wastewater treatment processes. Values for parameters to be used are vital for the accuracy of the modeling approach. A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), as open respirometer with continuous flow for 20 h is used in ASMs. The dissolved oxygen (DO) profile for 11 days was monitored. It was found the mass transfer coefficient K(La) is 0.3 h(-1) during lag and start feed phase and 0.01 h(-1) during stop feed phase, while the heterotrophic yield coefficient Y(H) is 0.44. Some of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionations of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using respirometric test in ASM models are S(s) 50 mg/L, S(I) 16,600 mg/L, X(S) 25,550 mg/L, and X(I) 2,800 mg/L. The comparison of experimental and ASM1 from OUR concentration is found to fit well.

Controlled compression and liposuction treatment for lower extremity lymphedema.

In 1987 we noticed excess adipose tissue in a patient with arm lymphedema and later, objective studies confirmed this clinical finding in patients with non-pitting arm lymphedema following breast cancer. A prospective study was begun in 1993, and its long-term results (15 years) shows overall complete reduction of the excess volume in patients with non-pitting arm lymphedema and that adipose tissue dominates the excess volume. Encouraged by these results we operated on a patient with primary and secondary elephantiasis of the leg. The edema was first transferred from a pitting to a non-pitting state by controlled compression therapy. Then liposuction was performed to remove the remaining excess adipose tissue, and complete reduction was finally achieved. The patient wears compression garments continuously and during the 11 years of followup, no recurrence has occurred. This paper explains our philosophical approach: a pitting lymphedema first should be treated conservatively to remove excess fluid, then liposuction can be performed to remove remaining excess volume bothersome to the patient.