ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria. METHODS: Ninety-six isolates, (95 unidentified and one previously confirmed Sabin poliovirus 3) recovered on RD cell culture from the stool of children <15 years old diagnosed with AFP in 2014 were analyzed. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and three different PCR reactions (one panenterovirus 5'-UTR and two different VP1 amplification assays). VP1 amplicons were then sequenced and isolates identified. RESULTS: 92.71% (89/96) of the isolates were detected by at least one of the three assays as an enterovirus. Precisely, 79.17% (76/96), 6.25% (6/96), 7.30% (7/96) and 7.30% (7/96) of the isolates were positive for both, positive and negative, negative and positive, as well as negative for both the 5'-UTR and VP1 assays, respectively. In this study, sixty-nine (69) of the 83 VP1 amplicons sequenced were identified as 27 different enterovirus types. The most commonly detected were CV-B3 (10 isolates) and EV-B75 (5 isolates). Specifically, one, twenty-four and two of the enterovirus types identified in this study belong to EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the circulating strains of 27 non-polio enterovirus types in Nigerian children with AFP in 2014 and Nigerian strains of CV-B2, CV-B4, E17, EV-B80, EV-B73, EV-B97, EV-B93, EV-C99 and EV-A120 were reported for the first time. Furthermore, it shows that being positive for the 5'-UTR assay should not be the basis for subjecting isolates to the VP1 assays.
Subject(s)
Enterovirus Infections/complications , Enterovirus Infections/virology , Enterovirus/classification , Enterovirus/genetics , Paralysis/etiology , Paralysis/virology , 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis , Feces/virology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Muscle Hypotonia/etiology , Muscle Hypotonia/virology , Nigeria , Paralysis/diagnosis , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Sensitivity of Salmonella species isolated from different environmental sources to the extracts of Azadirachita indica; Psdium guajava; Kigelia africana and Aloe microcarpa was investigated. Susceptiblity of the isolates to amoxicillin; ofloxacin; tetracycline; gentamicin; nalixidic acid; nitrofuratoin and cotrimoxazone was also examined. The sensitivity assay was done using agar dilution technique at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20v/v. The concentration of all the extracts of the experimental plants that inhibited the growth of Salmonella species ranged from 10 to 20v/v with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.0v/v. All the extracts at concentration of 20v/v exhibited 100growth inhibition on Salmonella isolates. All the isolates exhibited resistance patterns ranging from 50 to 100against the antibiotics examined. Anti-nutrients constituents detected in all the plants materials were alkaloids (1.29-3.57); tannins (4.69-6.33); saponins (2.45-7.57); phenols (0.26- 0.60) and Flavonoids 0.41-1.00. The need to source for anti-typhoidal drugs from medicinal plants is discussed
