D-ribose-L-cysteine reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines to mitigate liver damage, and memory decline induced by copper sulfate in mice.

BACKGROUND: Current evidences have implicated copper in amyloid aggregation that trigger the downstream oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation that characterized memory deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of D-Ribose-L-Cysteine (DRLC), a potent antioxidant agent, on copper sulfate (CuSO4)-induced memory deterioration and the biochemical mechanisms underpinning its action in mice. METHODS: Male Swiss mice were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 10/group). Mice in group 1 were given distilled water (control), group 2 CuSO4 (100 mg/kg) while groups 3-5 were pretreated with CuSO4 (100 mg/kg) 30 min before administration of DRLC (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg). Treatments were given through oral gavage, daily for 28 days. Memory function was evaluated on day 28 using Y-maze test. The isolated liver and brain tissues were then processed for oxidative stress biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6)] assays. Brian acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were also determined. RESULTS: DRLC reversed memory impairment and dysregulated levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, nitrite and glutathione S-transferase in the liver and brain tissues of mice pretreated with CuSO4. The increased proinflammatory cytokines concentrations in the liver and brain tissues of mice pretreated with CuSO4 were reduced by DRLC. The elevated brain AChE and liver enzymes activities induced by CuSO4 were also reduced by DRLC. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings suggest that DRLC attenuates CuSO4-induced memory dysfunctions in mice through enhancement of antioxidative pathway, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and augmentation of liver function.

Cannabis sativa and/or melatonin do not alter brain lipid but alter oxidative mechanisms in female rats.

BACKGROUND: Lipid profile and redox status play a role in brain (dys)functions. Cannabinoid and melatonergic systems operate in the brain and contribute to brain (patho)physiology, but their roles in the modulation of brain lipid and redox status are not well-known. We studied the effect of ethanol extract of Cannabis sativa (CS) and/or melatonin (M) on the lipid profile and anti-oxidant system of the rat brain. METHODS: We randomly divided twenty-four (24) female Wistar rats into 4 groups (n = 6 rats each). Group 1 (control) received distilled water mixed with DMSO. Groups II-IV received CS (2 mg/kg), M (4 mg/kg), and co-administration of CS and M (CS + M) respectively via oral gavage between 8:00 am and 10:00 am once daily for 14 days. Animals underwent 12-h fasting after the last day of treatment and sacrificed under ketamine anesthesia (20 mg/kg; i.m). The brain tissues were excised and homogenized for assay of the concentrations of the total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means across groups, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test. RESULTS: CS and/or M did not affect the lipid profile parameters. However, CS increased the G6PD (from 15.58 ± 1.09 to 21.02 ± 1.45 U/L; p = 0.047), GPx (from 10.47 ± 0.86 to 17.71 ± 1.04 U/L; p = 0.019), and SOD (from 0.81 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01 µM; p = 0.007), but decreased NO (from 9.40 ± 0.51 to 6.75 ± 0.21 µM; p = 0.010) and had no effect on MDA (p = 0.905), CAT (p = 0.831), GR (p = 0.639), and AChE (p = 0.571) in comparison with the control group. M augmented the increase in G6PD (from 21.02 ± 1.45 U/L to 27.18 ± 1.81 U/L; p = 0.032) and decrease in NO (from 6.75 ± 0.21 to 4.86 ± 0.13 µM; p = 0.034) but abolished the increase in GPx (from 17.71 ± 1.04 to 8.59 ± 2.06 U/L; p = 0.006) and SOD (from 0.90 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.00 µM; p = 0.000) elicited by CS in the rat brain in comparison with the CS group. CONCLUSIONS: CS and M do not alter brain lipid profile. Our data support the contention that CS elicits an anti-oxidative effect on the brain tissue and that CS + M elicits a pro-oxidant effect in rat brain.