Improvement of Clinical Findings, Meibography and Tear Film Parameters in Pediatric Ocular Rosacea Patients After a Standard Treatment Protocol.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to illustrate the changes in ocular findings, meibography, and tear break-up time (TBUT) values in pediatric patients with ocular rosacea following a standardized treatment. METHODS: The study included consecutive patients diagnosed with ocular rosacea, referred to a tertiary hospital between 2021 and 2023. Each patient underwent biomicroscopic examinations, non-invasive TBUT assessments, corneal fluorescein staining (evaluated using the Oxford scoring system), and meibography. The standard treatment protocol involved warm compresses, eyelid hygiene, preservative-free sodium hyaluronate eye drops (administered four times daily), topical azithromycin 1.5% (twice daily for 3 days), topical steroids (loteprednol 0.5%, four times daily for 2 weeks), and either doxycycline 100 mg/day for 14 days or oral suspension of azithromycin 10 mg/kg for 3 days followed by an additional three-day course of treatment administered 10 days later (for patients above and below 14 years of age, respectively). RESULTS: The study included 18 patients, with 10 (55.5%) being female and 8 (44.4%) being male, with a mean age of 9.7 ± 4.5 years (range: 3-18). Four patients displayed cutaneous involvement. The treatments resulted in significant improvements in the Oxford scores, reduction in corneal neovascularization, and increased TBUT (p < 0.001, p = 0.016, p < 0.001, respectively). Meibomian gland loss area also significantly improved post-treatment (27.4 ± 6.7% vs 39.2 ± 13.4%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that pediatric ocular rosacea patients may exhibit improved meibomian gland function, regression of corneal neovascularization, and enhanced tear film parameters following a standardized treatment protocol that includes both topical and systemic approaches.

Conjunctival Microbiota and Blepharitis Symptom Scores in Patients With Ocular Rosacea.

PURPOSE: Investigation of the relationship between blepharitis-related symptom scores, tear film functions, and conjunctival microbiota in patients with ocular rosacea (OR) compared with healthy controls was aimed. METHODS: Consecutive 33 eyes of 33 patients with OR who were admitted from the dermatology clinic and age-matched and gender-matched 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer score, and blepharitis symptom score (BLISS) were recorded for each patient. For the bacteriological examination, bacterial culture was obtained by inoculating the samples on chocolate agar, blood agar, and fluid thioglycollate medium. The growth of different colonies of bacteria was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption or ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Bacterial culture positivity was observed in 13 eyes (39.4%) in the patients with OR and 10 eyes (33.3%) in the controls ( P =0.618). Patients with OR showed worse TBUT and Schirmer scores, and higher BLISSs ( P =0.005, P =0.007, and P =0.001, respectively). Patients with OR with conjunctival culture-positive results showed higher BLISSs (8.0±4.7) compared with those with negative results (4.7±2.3; P <0.001). The most frequent bacteria was Micrococcus luteus (18.2%) in patients with OR and Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.0%) in the controls. CONCLUSION: This pilot study showed that patients with OR had similar conjunctival culture positivity compared with healthy controls. However, the observation of different dominant bacterial species in conjunctival microbiota and the observation of worse BLISSs in patients with OR with positive culture might suggest a potential role of conjunctival microbiota in the pathogenesis of OR.

Central Corneal Thickness Measurements with Different Imaging Devices: Ultrasound Pachymetry, Noncontact Specular Microscopy, and Tono-Pachymetry.

Objectives: Investigation of the compatibility between central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in healthy eyes by comparing standard ultrasound pachymetry (USP) with noncontact tono-pachymetry (NCT) and specular microscopy (SM) devices was aimed. Methods: Forty-five eyes of 45 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 60 years were included in this study. CCT of all cases was evaluated with USP, NCT, and SM devices. The same examiner performed all examinations. Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the agreement between instruments. Results: The mean age of the patients was 31±10.2 years. Fifteen (33.3%) cases were male and 30 (66.7%) were female. The mean CCT measured using NCT (559.3±39 µm) was significantly higher than those measured using SM (534.8±41 µm) and USP (542.6±43 µm, p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed that the difference between the first, second, and third measurements was evenly dispersed around the mean, with no clear trend toward over- or underestimation by either NCT, USP, or SM. The 95% limits of agreements were 0.30-48.72 µm for NCT, -12.63-46.04 µm for the USP, and -24.41-8.80 µm for the SM. Correlation analysis between the three devices showed a very strong positive correlation (p<0.001). Conclusion: Significant differences were observed between CCT measurements in healthy individuals used in ophthalmology practice and performed with different devices. This situation should draw attention to the fact that in diseases such as glaucoma and endothelial insufficiency, corneal thickness monitoring should be done with the same device and the devices should not be used interchangeably.

One step preparation of stable gold nanoparticle using red cabbage extracts under UV light and its catalytic activity.

Herein, we have reported the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of highly stable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using red cabbage extract (RCE) under UV irradiation. The anthocyanin groups predominantly existing in RCE play an essential role for biosynthesis of stable Au NPs. The reasons for using anthocyanins: 1) they act as chelating agents for preferentially reacting with gold ions (Au3+) to form Au3+- anthocyanin complexes, 2) as light-active reductants for reduction of Au3+ to zero valent Au0 under UV irradiation and 3) as stabilizing agent for preventing Au NPs from aggregation in high salt concentration owing to their unique salt tolerance property. We also demonstrate that how reaction time, concentration of RCE, pH value of reaction solutions and using one more reducing agent affected formation of the Au NPs. The stability of RCE Au NPs was comparatively studied with commercial (citrate stabilized) Au NPs against 100 mM salt (NaCl) solution. The RCE-Au NP showed reduction ability for conversion of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). UV-vis spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZT) methods were utilized to characterize the Au NPs. We demonstrated that how whole RCE (anthocyanins molecules are major component) can be used as photo-active reducing and stabilizing agents to form Au NPs in a short time under UV irradiation and strong reducing agent without additional agents.