ABSTRACT
A former agrichemical dealership in western Nebraska was suspected of having contaminated soil. Our objective was to characterize and remediate the contaminated site by a combined chemical-biological approach. This was accomplished by creating contour maps of the on-site contamination, placing the top 60 cm of contaminated soil in windrows and mixing with a mechanical high-speed mixer. Homogenized soil containing both atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} was then used in laboratory investigations to determine optimum treatments for pesticide destruction. Iron suspension experiments verified that zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) plus ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4).7H(2)O) removed more than 90% of both atrazine and cyanazine within 14 d. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of the atrazine solution after treating with Fe(0) and ferrous sulfate identified several degradation products commonly associated with biodegradation (i.e., deethlyatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), hydroxyatrazine (HA), and ammelines). Biological treatment evaluated emulsified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil (EOS) as a carbon source to stimulate biodegradation in static soil microcosms. Combining emulsified soybean oil with the chemical amendments resulted in higher destruction efficiencies (80-85%) and reduced the percentage of FeSO(4) needed. This chemical-biological treatment (Fe(0) + FeSO(4) + EOS, EOS Remediation, Raleigh, NC) was then applied with water to 275 m(3) of contaminated soil in the field. Windrows were tightly covered with clear plastic to increase soil temperature and maintain soil water content. Temporal sampling (0-342 d) revealed atrazine and cyanazine concentrations decreased by 79 to 91%. These results provide evidence that a combined chemical-biological approach can be used for on-site, field-scale treatment of pesticide-contaminated soil.
Subject(s)
Atrazine/analysis , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Triazines/analysis , Atrazine/chemistry , Atrazine/metabolism , Chromatography, Liquid , Ferrous Compounds/chemistry , Iron/chemistry , Mass Spectrometry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Soil Microbiology , Soil Pollutants/chemistry , Soil Pollutants/metabolism , Glycine max/chemistry , Triazines/chemistry , Triazines/metabolismABSTRACT
Dinoseb, a dinitroherbicide, was once commonly used in aerial crop dusting of agronomic crops in the western United States. Widespread use combined with improper disposal practices at rural air strips has contaminated numerous sites. Our objective was to determine if zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) could remediate dinoseb-contaminated soil. This was accomplished by conducting a series of batch experiments where we first determined if Fe(0) could remove dinoseb in aqueous solutions, then in contaminated soil slurries, and finally, in unsaturated soil microcosms (25 degrees C, theta(g)=0.30 kg H(2)O kg(-1)). Results showed quantitative dinoseb removal in the presence of Fe(0) in all three media (aqueous solutions, soil slurries, moist soils) and that removal increased by including either ferrous or aluminum sulfate with the iron treatment. Incubating contaminated soils with Fe(0) or Fe(0) plus salts (FeSO(4) or Al(2)(SO(4))(3)) resulted in 100% removal of dinoseb within 7 d. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of degradation products showed the transformations imposed by the iron treatments were reduction of one or both nitro groups to amino groups. These amino degradation products were further transformed to quinonimine and benzoquinone and did not persist. These results support the use of zerovalent iron for on-site treatment of dinoseb-contaminated soil.
