ABSTRACT
Effective conservation actions to counteract the current decline of populations and species require a deep knowledge on their genetic structure. We used Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to infer the population structure of the highly threatened freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera in the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 130 individuals were collected from 26 locations belonging to 16 basins. We obtained 31,692 SNPs through Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) and used this dataset to infer population structure. Genetic diversity given as observed heterozygosity was low. Pairwise FST comparisons revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among geographically close populations. Up to 3 major genetic lineages were determined: Atlantic, Cantabrian and Douro. This structure suggests a close co-evolutionary process with brown trout (Salmo trutta), the primordial fish host of this mussel in the studied area. Some sub-basins showed some genetic structuring, whereas in others no intrapopulation differentiation was found. Our results confirm that genetic conservation units do not match individual basins, and that knowledge about the genetic structure is necessary before planning recovery plans that may involve relocation or restocking. The same reasoning should be applied to strictly freshwater species that are sessile or have restricted dispersal abilities and are currently imperiled worldwide.
Subject(s)
Bivalvia , Animals , Bivalvia/genetics , Fresh Water , Genetic Variation , Genomics , Seafood , Trout/geneticsABSTRACT
A dificuldade de comunicação entre profissionais de saúde e as comunidades populares é notória e se expressa principalmente na ineficácia dos tratamentos tal como os prescreve a medicina oficial, assim como no descontentamento, por parte dos usuários, com os seus resultados. Este artigo refletir sobre tal situação, colocando em relevo a importância ética da escuta, pelos profissionais da saúde, dos discursos e saberes extra-científicos sobre a doença e a saúde afirmados por tais comunidades. A escuta mais sensível poderá dar visibilidade aos elementos que impedem a comunicação efetiva, proporcionando a restituição da reciprocidade comunicativa, o que significa a recusa e a transformação das relações de subalternidade aí estabelecidas.(AU)
The difficulty of communication between health professionals and popular communities are well known and appears mainly in the inefficacy of the treatments such as the official medicine prescribes them, as well as in the dissatisfaction, on the part of the users, with its results. In this article, we analyze this situation, placing in relief the ethical importance of listening to, for the professionals of the health, the speeches and extra-scientific knowledge on the illness and the health affirmed by such communities. Listening most sensible will be able to give visibility to the elements that hinder the communication accomplish, providing the restitution of the reciprocity in the communication, which means the refusal and the transformation of the relations of subalternity established there.(AU)