[Screening of cervical cancer--theoretical background]. / Screening karcinomu delozního hrdla--teoretické predpoklady.

OBJECTIVE: To show the basic rules for creation of creening programme in case of cervical cancer's screening. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Centrum of gyneco-oncology prevention, Havírov. METHODS: Study of the current literature. CONCLUSION: Screening programme should be set up economic possibilities of state. It must cover all risk group. It should have high specificity and sensitivity. This test should be connected with diagnostic methods and appropriate therapy.

[Screening of cervical cancer--update]. / Screening karcinomu delozního hrdla--soucasný stav.

OBJECTIVE: Update screening of cervical cancer. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Out-patient Gynaecology and Primary Care Centre, Brno. METHODS: Study of the current literature. CONCLUSION: The persistent infection by human papillomavirus is a necessary condition for development of cervical cancer. Screening activity has an influence on it. Current screening is based on regular PAP smear. It should be evaluated by laboratory with accreditation and quality control. HPV test is too expansive for routine connection with screening for the most European countries.

[Ensuring the quality of cytodiagnosis in the cervix]. / Zajistení kvality cytodiagnostiky cervixu.

The quality of cytodiagnosis depends on a number of operations. It is associated with collection of cellular material, it depends on its processing in the laboratory and on the evaluation of the processed preparation by the cytologist who establishes the diagnosis. In collaboration with three laboratories we tried to evaluate the role of the used nomenclature in the evaluation system. According to the abbreviated classification of Papanicolau 8185 cytological preparations were evaluated which comprised 206 suspect smears, i.e. 2.5%. According to the Munich nomenclature II 22 212 cytologies were evaluated. They comprised 155 suspect ones, i.e. 0.69%. Of 50 540 screening smears evaluated by the Bethesda system, 0.4% were suspect in the category HGSIL. The best results (i.e. agreement with the histological picture, the lowest false positivity and false negativity) was found in the evaluation of cytological smears according to the Bethesda nomenclature (TBS). It will be therefore most probably the best basis for so-called "Quality Assurance".

Morphology of the uterus of Ascaris lumbricoides in the region where fertilization and formation of egg-shell occur.

Morphology of the female reproductive system of Ascaris lumbricoides L. was studied in the region starting with the junction between the oviduct and the uterus (O-U) up to the junction of both uterine branches into the vagina with regard to the process of fertilization and formation of egg-shells. In the O-U junction morphology differed in two following sections: a continuous simple squamous up to simple cuboidal epithelium, and simple cuboidal up to columnar epithelium with broad intercellular spaces leading into the lumen of the tubular reproductive organ filled with sperm. The area in the O-U junction zone was found where the wall of the organ was formed by elongated club-shaped cells attached to the common basal lamina by a narrow pedicle. Intercellular spaces thus formed "crypts" which was covered with dilated parts of cells towards the tubular lumen. Crypts were found to be filled with sperm. This area resembles the structure known as the receptaculum seminis where the stored sperm survive. Epithelial cells of the uterus are of cuboidal up to columnar shape with signs of merocrine secretion. In the distal part of the uterus the secretory active cells probably produce viscous secreta allowing the transfer of the eggs towards the vagina. The cells of the uterus wall are elongated and because of their longer axis, they are orientated longitudinally. In centripetal parts, the cell walls do not have contact with each other and form elongated, deep furrows ("canyons") through which the sperm can run against the flow of uterus content up to the junction of the O-U, where they are stored in the spermatheca-like structure. At any time they are disposal for fertilization.