ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of vaginal diazepam in addition to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of vestibulodynia (VBD). STUDY DESIGN: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-two patients with VBD were randomized, 21 underwent diazepam and TENS (diazepam group) and 21 received placebo and TENS (placebo group). Vulvar pain was assessed on a on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) and dyspareunia according to the Marinoff dyspareunia scale. Vaginal surface electromyography (EMG) and vestibular current perception threshold (CPT) testing were performed at baseline and 60 days after treatment. The primary endpoints included the change in pain and dyspareunia from baseline to 60 days of pain and dyspareunia. The secondary endpoints was the variation in objectivity of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function and vestibular nerve fiber current perception threshold (CPT). RESULTS: The VAS scores for pain from basal values of 7.5 and 7.2 for the diazepam and placebo, respectively, showed significant (pâ¯0.01) decreases from 4.7 to 4.3, but this difference was not statistically significant. The Marinoff dyspareunia scores in the diazepam group showed a significant difference (p 0.05) from values measured in the placebo group. The ability to relax the PFM after contraction (difference between maximal contraction and rest tone) was significantly greater for the diazepam group versus the placebo group (3.8 µv and 2.4 µv, respectively, pâ¯0.01). The CPT values for all of the nerve fibers increased after the treatment, but this increase was significant in the diazepam group only for the values at a 5-Hz stimulation (C fibers) with a change of 47.8% vs 26.9% (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Only two patients reported a mild drowsiness in the diazepam group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided indications that vaginal diazepam plus TENS is useful to improve pain and PFM instability in women with VBD.
Subject(s)
Diazepam/administration & dosage , Muscle Relaxants, Central/administration & dosage , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation , Vulvodynia/therapy , Administration, Intravaginal , Adult , Combined Modality Therapy , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young AdultABSTRACT
The study aimed to assess the effects of ospemifene on vulvar vestibule in postmenopausal women with vulvar pain and dyspareunia. Fifty-five postmenopausal women used oral ospemifene 60 mg/d for 60 d. Symptoms of dryness, burning, and dyspareunia were evaluated on a 10 cm visual analog scale. Visual examination of the vulvar vestibule was also conducted. Patients also underwent current perception threshold (CPT) testing obtained from the vulvar vestibule. Fifty-five patients (94.6%) completed the treatment. Hot flashes were the most frequent adverse effects, but this led to a discontinuation of therapy in three patients (5.4%). After therapy, there was a statistically significant decrease from the baseline in the mean scores for dryness, burning, and dyspareunia and reduction of vestibular trophic score (baseline value of 11.2-4.2 after the therapy, p ≤ 002) and cotton swab test scores (2.81 compared with 1.25, p = .001). There was a difference in CPT values for all nerve fibers and more consistent for C fibers (-38% of sensitivity). These results confirm the efficacy of ospemifene on postmenopausal vestibular symptoms and signs; moreover, the drug was effective in normalizing vestibular innervation sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Dyspareunia/drug therapy , Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives , Vulvar Vestibulitis/drug therapy , Vulvodynia/drug therapy , Administration, Buccal , Dyspareunia/complications , Dyspareunia/epidemiology , Dyspareunia/physiopathology , Electric Stimulation , Female , Hot Flashes/chemically induced , Hot Flashes/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain Perception/drug effects , Pilot Projects , Postmenopause/drug effects , Postmenopause/physiology , Syndrome , Tamoxifen/administration & dosage , Tamoxifen/adverse effects , Vulva/drug effects , Vulva/physiopathology , Vulvar Vestibulitis/complications , Vulvar Vestibulitis/epidemiology , Vulvar Vestibulitis/physiopathology , Vulvodynia/complications , Vulvodynia/epidemiology , Vulvodynia/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The hormonal milieu that characterizes pregnancy may determine profound modifications of ovarian endometriomas leading to lesions mimicking malignancy. In this study, we report on our experience and perform a review of the literature on this issue. METHODS: Data from women evaluated at our referral center for prenatal diagnosis were reviewed in order to identify those who were detected with an ovarian endometrioma in pregnancy mimicking malignancy. A review of the literature on this issue (1990-2008) was also performed, using the PubMed database. RESULTS: Three cases were identified at our center. The literature reports on a further 19 cases (11 studies). Sonographic and color Doppler examination consistently documented rapidly growing and abundantly vascularized intracystic excrescences. Conversely, the presence of septations or significant free fluid was never reported. The vast majority of cases underwent surgical removal. Interestingly, in our experience, in a woman who declined surgery and had spontaneous miscarriage at 10 weeks' gestation, the sonographic examination performed 6 weeks after dilatation and curettage revealed an unremarkable typical endometrioma, thus suggesting that it is a transitory transformation. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy-related modifications of an ovarian endometrioma leading to the rapid development of vascularized intracystic excrescences are an uncommon but possible event. An expectant management and serial monitoring should first be envisaged in these cases provided that other features of malignancy, such as septations or free fluid, are absent.
