Evaluation of Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies by Ultrasound and Its Anatomical Co-relation.

INTRODUCTION: Central nervous system anomalies are often severe and are the most common indications for therapeutic abortions. Ultrasound examination helps to identify and evaluate them well before birth. OBJECTIVES: Present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of central nervous system anomalies in utero by ultrasound and to confirm them by autopsy or postnatal examination. METHOD: Ultrasound screening of 7485 pregnant women was performed. Pregnancy with ultrasound findings of central nervous system anomalies were followed up. Prenatal ultrasound findings were confirmed by autopsy in cases of therapeutic abortions and fetal losses. In case of live birth postnatal findings were noted. RESULTS: Ultrasound detected central nervous system malformations in 24 fetuses. Ultrasound findings were matching in 83% on autopsy. Autopsy and postnatal findings together were matching with ultrasound in 85.7%. Two cases had additional minor findings on autopsy. CONCLUSION: The incidence of central nervous system malformations on ultrasound was 0.31%. Autopsy and postnatal examination showed high degree of correlation with ultrasound findings.

Omphalocele, exstrophy of bladder, imperforate anus and spinal defect (OEIS complex) - autopsy and prenatal ultrasound findings

Omphalocele, exstrophy of bladder, imperforate anus and spinal defect (OEIS complex) is a rare congenital anomaly with varied clinical presentation. A case report in a spontaneously aborted fetus of 20 weeks gestation and diagnosed on autopsy is discussed. External omphalocele sac, imperforate anus, kyphoscoliosis, ambiguous genitalia and bilateral congenital talipes were present. Omphalocele sac contained liver, coils of small intestine, spleen and stomach. The sac also contained right testis and right kidney. The presence of kidney and testis in the omphalocele sac is a very rare finding in this complex. Antenatal ultrasound at 18 weeks of gestation had demonstrated omphalocele, deformed spine, club feet, non-visualization of bladder and polyhydramnios. Imperforate anus could not be detected prenatally. Occasionally, Two-Dimensional (2-D) ultrasound (US) may fail to detect the full spectrum of the complex. For definitive and differential diagnoses, Three-Dimensional (3-D) ultrasound, color Doppler and fetal Magnetic Resonance (MR) can be used

No disponible

Isolated bilateral external iliac vein aplasia.

We present a case of 11-year-old girl with a history of prominent superficial veins over abdomen and thorax since birth. A superficial vein extending from either inguinal region joined in umbilical region and extended up to right supraclavicular region. Other features of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome like nevus, limb edema were absent. On radiological investigations both external iliac veins could not be visualized and venous return from lower limbs was draining into the right subclavian vein via these superficial veins. Both external iliac veins could not be identified during surgery.

Study of undescended testes by high frequency ultrasound / Estudio por ultrasonido de alta frecuencia de los testículos no descendidos

Undescended testes or cryptorchidism in the most common congenital anomaly of male reproductive system. The descent is multifactorial with gubernaculums playing major role. The failure of descent can be at trans-abdominal or inguino-scrotal phase. Locating undescended testes is important in view of low fertility and high rate of occurrence of neoplasm in them. Ultrasound is the standard imaging technique of choice in children with a non-palpable testis as it is non-invasive and does not use ionizing radiation. Position of testis is also important in deciding whether patient will need abdominal or inguinal exploration. The aim was to study the position of undescended testes by high frequency ultrasound and its embryonic explanation. Total 41 boys with undescended testes underwent high frequency ultrasound. The location of testis was noted followed by its size and echotexture. Thirty patients had unilateral and 11 had bilateral undescended testes. The prevalence was more on right side (16 out of 30). Out of total 52, 46 (88 percent testis were located by ultrasound. Six (12 percent) testes could not be located. Five (10 percent) were retractile testes. Out of remaining 41, 26 (63 percent) were located in inguinal canal and 15 (37 percent) were located in abdomen. Out of 15 abdominal testes 9 were located just proximal to inguinal canal and 6 were located in deep pelvis. High frequency ultrasound was able to locate the position of undescended testes in majority (88 percent of the cases...

La criptorquidia o testículos no descendidos es la anomalía congénita más común del sistema reproductivo masculino. El descenso es multifactorial, donde el gubernaculum testis juega un rol fundamental. El fracaso de descenso puede ocurrir en fase trans-abdominal o inguino-escrotal. Conocer la localización de los testículos no descendidos es importante en vista de la baja fertilidad y alta tasa de incidencia de neoplasia en ellos. La ecografía es la técnica imagenológica estándar y de elección en niños con testículos no palpables, ya que no es invasiva y no utiliza radiación ionizante. La posición del testículo también es importante para decidir si el paciente necesita exploración abdominal o inguinal. El objetivo fue estudiar la posición de los testículos no descendidos por ultrasonido de alta frecuencia y su explicación embrionaria. Un total de 41 niños con testículos no descendidos se sometieron a ultrasonido de alta frecuencia. Se estudió la ubicación, tamaño y ecotextura del testículo no descendido. Treinta pacientes presentaron el testículo no descendido de manera unilateral y 11 bilateral. La prevalencia fue mayor en el lado derecho (16 de 30). Del total de 52 de testículos, 46 (88 por ciento) fueron localizados por ultrasonido. Seis (12 por ciento) no pudieron ser localizados. Cinco (10 por ciento) fueron testículos retráctiles. De los 41 testículos no descendidos, 26 (63 por ciento) se localizaron en el canal inguinal y 15 (37 por ciento) en el abdomen. De los 15 en posición abdominal, 9 se encontraron justo proximal al canal inguinal y 6 en la pelvis profunda. El ultrasonido de alta frecuencia fue capaz de localizar la posición de los testículos no descendidos en la mayoría (88 por ciento) de los casos...