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1.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 256(4): 321-326, 2022 Apr 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35321980

ABSTRACT

Cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and disequilibrium syndrome 4 (CAMRQ4) is early onset neuromotor disorder and intellectual disabilities caused by variants of ATP8A2. We report sibling cases and systematically analyze previous literature to increase our understanding of CAMRQ4. Japanese siblings presented with athetotic movements at 1 and 2 months of age. They also had ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, feeding difficulty, hypotonia, and severely delayed development. One patient had retinal degeneration and optic atrophy. Flattening of the auditory brainstem responses and areflexia developed. At the last follow-up, neither patient could sit or achieve head control, although some nonverbal communication was preserved. Whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants of ATP8A2: NM_016529.6:c.[1741C>T];[2158C>T] p.[(Arg581*)];[(Arg720*)]. The p.(Arg581*) variant has been reported, while the variant p.(Arg720*) was novel. The symptoms did not progress in the early period of development, which makes it difficult to distinguish from dyskinetic cerebral palsy, particularly in solitary cases. However, visual and hearing impairments associated with involuntary movements and severe developmental delay may be a clue to suspect CAMRQ4.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Ataxia , Intellectual Disability , Adenosine Triphosphatases , Humans , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Muscle Hypotonia , Nausea , Phospholipid Transfer Proteins , Siblings , Syndrome
2.
Brain Dev ; 43(10): 1029-1032, 2021 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34217565

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The clinical severity of Sandhoff disease is known to vary widely. Furthermore, long-term follow-up report is very limited in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a long-term follow-up report of a patient with juvenile-onset Sandhoff disease with a motor neuron disease phenotype. The patient had compound heterozygous variants of HEXB (p.Trp460Arg, p. Arg533His); the Trp460Arg was a novel variant. Long-term follow-up revealed no intellectual deterioration, swallowing dysfunction, or respiratory muscle dysfunction despite progressive weakness of the extremities and sensory disturbances. CONCLUSION: We need to be aware of Sandhoff disease in patients with juvenile-onset motor neuron disease.


Subject(s)
Motor Neuron Disease/etiology , Sandhoff Disease/genetics , Adult , Age of Onset , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Phenotype , Sandhoff Disease/complications
3.
Ann Clin Transl Neurol ; 5(5): 538-551, 2018 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29761117

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral palsy is a common, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that causes movement and postural disabilities. Recent studies have suggested genetic diseases can be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy. We hypothesized that two simple criteria, that is, full-term births and nonspecific brain MRI findings, are keys to extracting masqueraders among cerebral palsy cases due to the following: (1) preterm infants are susceptible to multiple environmental factors and therefore demonstrate an increased risk of cerebral palsy and (2) brain MRI assessment is essential for excluding environmental causes and other particular disorders. METHODS: A total of 107 patients-all full-term births-without specific findings on brain MRI were identified among 897 patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were followed at our center. DNA samples were available for 17 of the 107 cases for trio whole-exome sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization. We prioritized variants in genes known to be relevant in neurodevelopmental diseases and evaluated their pathogenicity according to the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. RESULTS: Pathogenic/likely pathogenic candidate variants were identified in 9 of 17 cases (52.9%) within eight genes: CTNNB1,CYP2U1,SPAST,GNAO1,CACNA1A,AMPD2,STXBP1, and SCN2A. Five identified variants had previously been reported. No pathogenic copy number variations were identified. The AMPD2 missense variant and the splice-site variants in CTNNB1 and AMPD2 were validated by in vitro functional experiments. INTERPRETATION: The high rate of detecting causative genetic variants (52.9%) suggests that patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy in full-term births without specific MRI findings may include genetic diseases masquerading as cerebral palsy.

4.
J Hum Genet ; 62(6): 653-655, 2017 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28148925

ABSTRACT

Cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, skeletal (CODAS) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in LONP1. It is characterized by intellectual disability, cataracts, delayed tooth eruption, malformed auricles and skeletal abnormalities. We performed whole-exome sequencing on a 12-year-old Japanese male with severe intellectual disability, congenital bilateral cataracts, spasticity, hypotonia with motor regression and progressive cerebellar atrophy with hyperintensity of the cerebellar cortex on T2-weighted images. We detected compound heterozygous mutation in LONP1. One allele contained a paternally inherited frameshift mutation (p.Ser100Glnfs*46). The other allele contained a maternally inherited missense mutation (p.Arg786Trp), which was predicted to be pathogenic by web-based prediction tools. The two mutations were not found in Exome Variant Server or our 575 in-house control exomes. Some features were not consistent with CODAS syndrome but overlapped with Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, a multisystem disorder caused by a mutation in SIL1. An atypical mutation site may result in atypical presentation of the LONP1 mutation.


Subject(s)
ATP-Dependent Proteases/genetics , Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics , Eye Abnormalities/genetics , Growth Disorders/genetics , Hip Dislocation, Congenital/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics , Osteochondrodysplasias/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Tooth Abnormalities/genetics , Child , Craniofacial Abnormalities/physiopathology , Exome/genetics , Eye Abnormalities/physiopathology , Frameshift Mutation/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Growth Disorders/physiopathology , Hip Dislocation, Congenital/physiopathology , Humans , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Male , Osteochondrodysplasias/physiopathology , Protein Domains/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/physiopathology , Tooth Abnormalities/physiopathology
5.
Brain Dev ; 38(7): 623-7, 2016 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26846730

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children is located in Sendai, the capital of the Miyagi prefecture, and faces the Pacific Ocean. The tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake resulted in tremendous damage to this region. Many physically handicapped patients with epilepsy who are treated at our hospital could not obtain medicine. We surveyed patients with epilepsy, using a questionnaire to identify the problems during the acute phase of the Great East Japan Earthquake. METHODS: After the earthquake, we mailed questionnaires to physically handicapped patients with epilepsy who are treated and prescribed medications at our hospital, or to their parents. RESULTS: A total of 161 respondents completed the questionnaire. Overall, 68.4% of patients had seven days or less of stockpiled medication when the earthquake initially struck, and 28.6% of patients had no medication or almost no medication during the acute phase after the earthquake. Six patients were forced to stop taking their medication and nine patients experienced a worsening of seizures. Most (93.6%) patients stated they require a stockpile of medication for more than seven days: 20months after the earthquake, 76.9% patients a supply of drugs for more than seven days. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that physically handicapped patients with epilepsy are recommended to prepare for natural disasters by stockpiling additional medication. Even if the stock of antiepileptic drugs is sufficient, stress could cause worsening of seizures. Specialized support is required after a disaster among physically handicapped patients with epilepsy.


Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/supply & distribution , Disabled Persons , Disasters , Earthquakes , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Tsunamis , Adolescent , Adult , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Disaster Planning , Health Services Needs and Demand , Hospitals, Pediatric , Humans , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Japan/epidemiology , Rehabilitation Centers , Seizures/physiopathology , Strategic Stockpile , Time Factors , Young Adult
6.
Epilepsia ; 56(6): 841-8, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25864721

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Recently, de novo mutations in GRIN1 have been identified in patients with nonsyndromic intellectual disability and epileptic encephalopathy. Whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis of patients with genetically unsolved epileptic encephalopathies identified four patients with GRIN1 mutations, allowing us to investigate the phenotypic spectrum of GRIN1 mutations. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with unclassified early onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs) with an age of onset <1 year were analyzed by WES. The effect of mutations on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was examined by mapping altered amino acids onto three-dimensional models. RESULTS: We identified four de novo missense GRIN1 mutations in 4 of 88 patients with unclassified EOEEs. In these four patients, initial symptoms appeared within 3 months of birth, including hyperkinetic movements in two patients (2/4, 50%), and seizures in two patients (2/4, 50%). Involuntary movements, severe developmental delay, and intellectual disability were recognized in all four patients. In addition, abnormal eye movements resembling oculogyric crises and stereotypic hand movements were observed in two and three patients, respectively. All the four patients exhibited only nonspecific focal and diffuse epileptiform abnormality, and never showed suppression-burst or hypsarrhythmia during infancy. A de novo mosaic mutation (c.1923G>A) with a mutant allele frequency of 16% (in DNA of blood leukocytes) was detected in one patient. Three mutations were located in the transmembrane domain (3/4, 75%), and one in the extracellular loop near transmembrane helix 1. All the mutations were predicted to impair the function of the NMDA receptor. SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical features of de novo GRIN1 mutations include infantile involuntary movements, seizures, and hand stereotypies, suggesting that GRIN1 mutations cause encephalopathy resulting in seizures and movement disorders.


Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/genetics , Epilepsy/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Hyperkinesis/genetics , Mutation, Missense/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/genetics , Adolescent , Brain Diseases/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , DNA Mutational Analysis , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/complications , Female , Humans , Hyperkinesis/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/complications
7.
Brain Dev ; 37(9): 858-63, 2015 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25684440

ABSTRACT

AIM: Cerebellar injury is a characteristic injury associated with preterm infants. However, the impact of cerebellar injury on the development of preterm infants is unclear. METHOD: We reviewed magnetic resonance image studies of preterm infants with cerebral palsy retrospectively and evaluated the developmental outcomes. RESULTS: Cerebellar injury was recognized in 9 (2.4%) of 381 patients with cerebral palsy who were born preterm. The median gestational age was 26 (range 23-32) weeks and the median birth weight was 938 (range 492-1450) g. Seven of the nine patients had severe symmetric injuries to the inferior cerebellar hemispheres, resulting in a pancake-like appearance of the residual upper cerebellum. Supratentorial lesions were also recognized: periventricular leukomalacia in seven; atrophy of the basal ganglia in two; and intraventricular hemorrhage in two. Importantly, the motor dysfunction was related to the reduction in the white matter volume and severity of basal ganglia atrophy, but not to the cerebellar injury. Four of the nine patients could walk without limitations despite extensive cerebellar disruption. Only four patients could speak meaningful words during the study and only one spoke two-word sentences. INTERPRETATION: The patients with cerebellar injury might have a communication handicap, rather than altered motor function. Prematurity-related cerebellar complications require more attention in terms of cognitive and speech function, in addition to neuromotor development.


Subject(s)
Cerebellum/injuries , Cerebellum/pathology , Cerebral Palsy/pathology , Atrophy , Basal Ganglia/pathology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications , Cerebral Palsy/complications , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Leukomalacia, Periventricular/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Retrospective Studies , White Matter/pathology
8.
Pediatr Neurol ; 51(3): 414-6, 2014 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25160547

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, an X-linked condition characterized by severe intellectual disability, dysarthria, athetoid movements, muscle hypoplasia, and spastic paraplegia, is associated with defects in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 gene (MCT8). The long-term prognosis of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome remains uncertain. PATIENTS: We describe the clinical features and course of four adults in a family with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome with athetoid type cerebral palsy. RESULTS: We identified an MCT8 gene mutation in this family. Two of the four affected family members died at 32 and 24 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome are at increased risk for recurrent infection, such as aspiration pneumonia. These individuals require careful management with consideration for this increased risk of recurrent infection.


Subject(s)
Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics , Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters/genetics , Muscle Hypotonia/genetics , Muscular Atrophy/genetics , Mutation , Adult , Brain/pathology , Family , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology , Mental Retardation, X-Linked/physiopathology , Muscle Hypotonia/pathology , Muscle Hypotonia/physiopathology , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology , Pedigree , Symporters , Young Adult
9.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 232(4): 277-83, 2014 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24705707

ABSTRACT

West syndrome (WS), an intractable epileptic encephalopathy of infancy, is refractory to many antiepileptic drugs; however, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is an effective treatment for WS. The mechanism behind the efficacy of ACTH is mediated by biochemical processes that remain unknown. We examined the effects of ACTH therapy with tetracosactide (TCS), a synthetic ACTH analogue, on brain metabolism in patients with WS, using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS). In six patients with cryptogenic WS, we performed single-voxel ¹H-MRS at the occipital lobe cortex. Measurements were taken prior to TCS treatment, a few days after therapy, and several months after therapy. Data were also compared with subjects having only mild psychomotor delays. The metabolites measured were glutamine plus glutamate (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myoinositol (mI); each was expressed as a ratio with creatine plus phosphocreatine (total creatine: tCr). The Glx/tCr ratio was significantly reduced after the TCS treatment. The NAA/tCr ratio was also significantly reduced after the treatment compared with the control group, although the change in NAA signal was heterogeneous among patients, correlating with respective outcomes. The Cho/tCr and mI/tCr ratios were not affected by TCS treatment. The reduction in Glx suggests a decrease in the glutamate-glutamine cycle, which plays a pivotal role in synthesizing neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA. TCS-induced Glx reduction may induce changes in synaptic signal transduction, thereby accounting for the effect of TCS on WS. The change in NAA indicates altered neuronal activity, which may be correlated with outcome in WS patients.


Subject(s)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Glutamine/metabolism , Occipital Lobe/metabolism , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy , Spasms, Infantile/metabolism , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/therapeutic use , Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Aspartic Acid/metabolism , Choline/metabolism , Cosyntropin/pharmacology , Electroencephalography , Female , Humans , Infant , Inositol/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Spasms, Infantile/physiopathology
10.
Dev Med Child Neurol ; 55(2): 167-172, 2013 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23121133

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns and motor function, epileptic episodes, and IQ or developmental quotient in patients born at term with spastic diplegia. METHOD: Eighty-six patients born at term with cerebral palsy (CP) and spastic diplegia (54 males, 32 females; median age 20 y, range 7-42 y) among 829 patients with CP underwent brain MRI between 1990 and 2008. The MRI and clinical findings were analysed retrospectively. Intellectual disability was classified according to the Enjoji developmental test or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd edition). RESULTS: The median ages at diagnosis of CP, assignment of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, cognitive assessment, and MRI were 2 years (range 5 mo-8 y), 6 years (2 y 8 mo-19 y), 6 years (1 y 4 mo-19 y), and 7 years (10 mo-30 y) respectively. MRI included normal findings (41.9%), periventricular leukomalacia, hypomyelination, and porencephaly/periventricular venous infarction. The frequency of patients in GMFCS levels III to V and intellectual disability did not differ between those with normal and abnormal MRI findings. Patients with normal MRI findings had significantly fewer epileptic episodes than those with abnormal ones (p=0.001). INTERPRETATION: Varied MRI findings, as well as the presence of severe motor dysfunction and intellectual disability (despite normal MRI), suggest that patients born at term with spastic diplegia had heterogeneous and unidentified pathophysiology.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Cerebral Palsy/pathology , Intelligence/physiology , Motor Skills/physiology , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Brain/physiopathology , Cerebral Palsy/physiopathology , Child , Epilepsy/pathology , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male
11.
Brain Dev ; 34(2): 151-5, 2012 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21507589

ABSTRACT

Here, we report a male child with Schinzel-Giedion syndrome associated with intramyelinic edema detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and persistent suppression-burst pattern on electroencephalography (EEG) with erratic myoclonus of the extremities and face. Similar to nonketotic hyperglycinemia, Schinzel-Giedion syndrome may be recognized as another causative genetic disease of early myoclonic encephalopathy and vacuolating myelinopathy.


Subject(s)
Craniofacial Abnormalities/complications , Demyelinating Diseases/etiology , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/etiology , Hand Deformities, Congenital/complications , Intellectual Disability/complications , Nails, Malformed/complications , Abnormalities, Multiple , Child, Preschool , Electroencephalography , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male
12.
J Neurol Sci ; 300(1-2): 179-81, 2011 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20884016

ABSTRACT

Hypomyelination with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypodontia (4H syndrome) is a rare disease, characterized by both central and peripheral hypomyelination. We describe a 21-year-old male with mildly progressive ataxia, mental retardation, pituitary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed dentition, and cataract. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hypomyelinated white matter, cerebellar atrophy, and a thin corpus callosum. The literature suggests that abnormal findings upon sural nerve biopsy may indicate peripheral hypomyelination, even in the absence of clinically and physiologically evident peripheral neuropathy. A sural nerve biopsy of this patient was normal, and this finding is further discussed. Taken together with previous reports, this case suggests that 4H syndrome can be regarded as a spectrum disorder, the cardinal signs of which may be central hypomyelination, ataxia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hypodontia.


Subject(s)
Anodontia/pathology , Ataxia/pathology , Cataract/complications , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Hypogonadism/pathology , Intellectual Disability/pathology , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology , Anodontia/complications , Ataxia/complications , Atrophy/pathology , Brain/pathology , Cataract/pathology , Demyelinating Diseases/complications , Humans , Hypogonadism/complications , Intellectual Disability/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Sural Nerve/pathology , Syndrome , Young Adult
13.
J Neurol Sci ; 297(1-2): 19-28, 2010 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20655547

ABSTRACT

To investigate the role of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in muscular dystrophy, we examined the expression of TIMP-1 using plasma and biopsied muscle from patients with various muscular dystrophies by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. TIMP-1 immunolocalization was also studied in mouse models of muscular dystrophy. Plasma TIMP-1 was elevated and correlated with TGF-ß1 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), but not in Becker muscular dystrophy. In dystrophic human muscles, TIMP-1 was immunopositive in the regenerating and non-regenerating muscle fibers, and interstitial cells that consist of activated fibroblasts and macrophages. TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was also closely associated with TGF-ß1. Western blot analysis showed elevated TIMP-1 protein in muscles in DMD. The semiquantitative analysis of TIMP-1 staining intensity and tissue fibrosis showed that TIMP-1 immunoreactivity is closely associated with the extent of tissue fibrosis in human and mouse dystrophic muscles. In conclusion, the present study implied that the TGF-ß1-TIMP-1 pathway is activated in dystrophic muscles and the overexpression of TIMP-1 may result in increased deposition of extracellular matrix leading to tissue fibrosis.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Dystrophies/metabolism , Muscular Dystrophies/pathology , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism , Adolescent , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Models, Animal , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mice , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Dystrophies/classification , Muscular Dystrophies/genetics , Statistics as Topic , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
14.
J Child Neurol ; 24(7): 868-73, 2009 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19264735

ABSTRACT

Smith-Magenis syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation caused by the heterozygous deletion of chromosomal region 17p11.2. We present a long-term follow-up study of a girl with Smith-Magenis syndrome and West syndrome. West syndrome became apparent at 7 months of age. Since then, mental retardation, particularly in terms of language development, became increasingly more obvious. The patient's spasms and hypsarrhythmia disappeared after a course of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy, but focal seizures reappeared at the age of 3 years and 3 months. Her craniofacial dysmorphia and mental retardation became increasingly evident compared to her condition at the onset of West syndrome. Chromosome analysis detected the characteristic 17p deletion, which was then confirmed via fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. This is the second report of a patient with Smith-Magenis syndrome and West syndrome; taken together, these results suggest that Smith-Magenis syndrome may be a further cause of West syndrome.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple , Intellectual Disability , Spasms, Infantile , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology , Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/therapeutic use , Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Child, Preschool , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 , Electroencephalography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hormones/therapeutic use , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Infant , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Intellectual Disability/pathology , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy , Spasms, Infantile/pathology , Spasms, Infantile/physiopathology , Syndrome
15.
J Neurol Sci ; 280(1-2): 40-8, 2009 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19232644

ABSTRACT

To investigate the role of the muscular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in human muscular dystrophy, we used immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to examine the cellular localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) and the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) in muscle biopsies from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). In normal muscle, ACE was expressed in vascular endothelial cells and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), whereas AT1 was immunolocalized to the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and intramuscular nerve twigs. AT2 was immunolocalized in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. These findings suggest that the RAS has a functional role in peripheral nerves and NMJs. ACE and AT1, but AT2 immunoreactivity were increased markedly in dystrophic muscle as compared to controls. ACE and the AT1 were strongly expressed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of regenerating muscle fibers, fibroblasts, and in macrophages infiltrating necrotic fibers. Double immunolabeling revealed that activated fibroblasts in the endomysium and perimysium of DMD and CMD muscle were positive for ACE and AT1. Triple immunolabeling demonstrated that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and ACE were colocalized on the cytoplasm of activated fibroblasts in dystrophic muscle. Furthermore, Western blotting showed increases in the expression of AT1 and TGF-beta1 protein in dystrophic muscle, which coincided with our immunohistochemical results. The overexpression of ACE and AT1 in dystrophic muscle would likely result in the increased production of Ang II, which may act on these cells in an autocrine manner via AT1. The activation of AT1 may induce fibrous tissue formation through overexpression of TGF-beta1, which potently activates fibrogenesis and suppresses regeneration. In conclusion, our results imply that the intramuscular RAS-TGF-beta1 pathway is activated in human muscular dystrophy and plays a role at least partly in the pathophysiology of this disease.


Subject(s)
Muscular Dystrophies/physiopathology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Blood Vessels/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Female , Fibroblasts/physiology , Humans , Infant , Macrophages/physiology , Male , Muscles/physiology , Muscles/physiopathology , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology , Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism , Peripheral Nerves/physiopathology , Regeneration/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology
16.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 217(1): 23-8, 2009 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19155604

ABSTRACT

Currently, various formulas with different fatty acid compositions are used for enteral nutrition (EN). All formulas contain various concentrations of essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA); LA is biotransformed into arachidonic acid (AA) and ALA into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vivo. Some formulas contain preformed EPA and DHA. However, the effects of the differences in the fatty acid composition on the fatty acid status of patients receiving long-term EN is not clear. We measured serum fatty acid concentrations in 50 patients with neurological diseases receiving long-term EN. The data were then compared retrospectively with reference to the fatty acid compositions of the formulas used. All of the patients received almost their entire nutritional intake via EN for at least 1 year. Blood samples were obtained just before injecting the EN solution. Among the formulas that did not include EPA or DHA, formulas with low ALA concentrations were associated with low serum EPA and DHA. Conversely, the ALA-enriched formulas with reduced LA concentrations significantly increased EPA and DHA levels, although the levels remained lower than the control values. With the formula containing EPA and DHA, the EPA and DHA levels reached control values. Therefore, the fatty acid composition of the EN formulas affected the fatty acid status of patients receiving long-term EN. Formulas containing preformed EPA and DHA with suitable amounts of essential fatty acids may benefit these patients.


Subject(s)
Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology , Enteral Nutrition , Fatty Acids/blood , Food, Formulated , Adult , Docosahexaenoic Acids/blood , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood , Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Time Factors
17.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 214(4): 327-32, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18441508

ABSTRACT

Patients with severe neurological disorders often require enteral nutrition (EN). Since long-term EN can cause multiple complications, reinstating the oral intake of food is beneficial. Olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil (BPO), a strong appetite stimulant, was reported to facilitate swallowing in older people. Therefore, the effects of olfactory stimulation with BPO were investigated in pediatric patients receiving long-term EN due to neurological disorders. The effects of scenting with BPO for 1 min immediately before every meal were evaluated in ten patients: 4 boys and 6 girls, aged 19-97 months (51 +/- 26 months). The neurological disorders included periventricular leukomalacia (3 patients), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (3), Costello syndrome (1), Russell-Silver syndrome (1), Miller-Dieker syndrome (1), and cerebral palsy of unknown etiology (1). In eight of these patients, BPO intervention was continued for 3 months. Five of these eight patients showed increases in the amount of oral intake with desirable effects including facilitated swallowing movement, although complete elimination of the need for EN was not achieved. In the other three patients, BPO intervention was not effective; severe cerebral tissue loss, profound malformation or intractable seizures seemed to reduce the efficacy of BPO. In two cases, BPO intervention was discontinued due to cough or because the odor of BPO was unbearable to the family. In conclusion, olfactory stimulation with BPO facilitated oral intake in a subset of patients on long-term EN. BPO stimulation may be useful for facilitating oral intake when used in combination with conventional methods.


Subject(s)
Appetite Stimulants/administration & dosage , Enteral Nutrition , Nervous System Diseases/diet therapy , Piper nigrum , Smell/drug effects , Administration, Oral , Child , Child, Preschool , Chronic Disease , Deglutition , Eating , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Sialorrhea , Stimulation, Chemical
18.
J Neurol Sci ; 267(1-2): 48-56, 2008 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17996907

ABSTRACT

The detailed process of how dystrophic muscles are replaced by fibrotic tissues is unknown. In the present study, the immunolocalization and mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in muscles from normal and dystrophic human muscles were examined with the goal of elucidating the pathophysiological function of CTGF in muscular dystrophy. Biopsies of frozen muscle from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, congenital myopathy were analyzed using anti-CTGF polyclonal antibody. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also performed to evaluate the expression of CTGF mRNA in dystrophic muscles. In normal muscle, neuromuscular junctions and vessels were CTGF-immunopositive, which suggests a physiological role for CTGF in these sites. In dystrophic muscle, CTGF immunoreactivity was localized to muscle fiber basal lamina, regenerating fibers, and the interstitium. Triple immunolabeling revealed that activated fibroblasts were immunopositive for CTGF and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). RT-PCR analysis revealed increased levels of CTGF mRNA in the muscles of DMD patients. Co-localization of TGF-beta1 and CTGF in activated fibroblasts suggests that CTGF expression is regulated by TGF-beta1 through a paracrine/autocrine mechanism. In conclusion, TGF-beta1-CTGF pathway may play a role in the fibrosis that is commonly observed in muscular dystrophy.


Subject(s)
Connective Tissue/metabolism , Connective Tissue/pathology , Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Dystrophies/metabolism , Adolescent , Basement Membrane/metabolism , Basement Membrane/pathology , Biomarkers/analysis , Biomarkers/metabolism , Biopsy , Child , Child, Preschool , Connective Tissue/physiopathology , Connective Tissue Growth Factor , Female , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibroblasts/pathology , Fibrosis/genetics , Fibrosis/metabolism , Fibrosis/physiopathology , Humans , Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics , Immunohistochemistry , Infant , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Muscular Dystrophies/genetics , Muscular Dystrophies/physiopathology , Paracrine Communication/physiology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Regeneration/physiology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/physiology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
19.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 210(3): 209-12, 2006 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17077597

ABSTRACT

The exposure to mercury (Hg) of various groups of people with different dietary backgrounds has been assessed because of its hazardous effects, but little is known about that in patients receiving enteral nutrition. Therefore, we studied the Hg exposure in 25 patients with severe motor disabilities, who received liquid enteral feedings for more than one year, by determining total mercury (T-Hg) in their hair samples with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The geometric mean of the T-Hg level in hair from the patients was 88 ng/g hair (+/- 1 geometric standard deviation [GSD], 34 - 228 ng/g), whereas that for the control group on a normal diet was 1,900 ng/g (+/- 1 GSD, 1,022 - 3,531 ng/g). The T-Hg levels in the patients' hair were far lower than those in the controls (p < 0.001). The T-Hg levels in the enteral feedings used were below the detection limit of cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (< 10 ng/g). The present study has shown that Hg exposure is low in patients receiving enteral nutrition, indicating that food is a primary source of Hg exposure.


Subject(s)
Enteral Nutrition , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Hair/chemistry , Mercury/toxicity , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mercury Poisoning/diagnosis , Motor Skills Disorders , Spectrophotometry, Atomic
20.
Tohoku J Exp Med ; 209(2): 163-7, 2006 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16707859

ABSTRACT

Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) is a rare leukoencephalopathy presenting in the infantile period and characterized by diffuse cerebral hypomyelination, and atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. As patients with H-ABC lack remarkable laboratory findings, the diagnosis is based on brain magnetic resonance imaging findings alone. Only eight cases have been reported in the literature, and thus the natural course and treatment of this disease are not fully understood. We report a 35-month-old boy with H-ABC who had hemidystonia, hypomyelination, and cerebellar ataxia. We diagnosed H-ABC after considering a thorough differential diagnosis, excluding other diseases involving hemidystonia, hypomyelination, and cerebellar ataxia. Furthermore, technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single-photon emission computerized tomography (Tc-ECD-SPECT) and positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (18)F (FDG-PET) revealed decreased blood flow and glucose metabolism in the bilateral lenticular nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum. A peroral levodopa preparation containing carbidopa (levodopa-carbidopa) was effective at ameliorating and stopping the progression of the patient's dystonia (final effective doses: levodopa, 200 mg/day and carbidopa, 20 mg/day). This is the first case report of a Japanese patient with H-ABC and treatment for this disease. Levodopa-carbidopa may be an effective treatment for H-ABC.


Subject(s)
Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Basal Ganglia/pathology , Carbidopa/therapeutic use , Cerebellum/pathology , Demyelinating Diseases/drug therapy , Levodopa/therapeutic use , Administration, Oral , Atrophy/drug therapy , Atrophy/pathology , Child, Preschool , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Therapy, Combination , Dystonia/diagnosis , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Positron-Emission Tomography , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Treatment Outcome
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