ABSTRACT
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune complication of heparin therapy caused by antibodies to complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. Pathogenic antibodies to PF4/heparin bind and activate platelets to propagate a hypercoagulable state culminating in life-threatening thrombosis. The serotonin-release assay (SRA) is considered the gold-standard test to diagnose HIT. However, the sensitivity of the SRA was questioned with reported cases of clinical diagnosis of HIT and negative SRA. Herein, we present the utility of platelet factor 4-dependent P-selectin expression assay (PEA) in diagnosing HIT in a patient with thrombocytopenia and recurrent thrombosis who repeatedly tested negative with SRA.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Heparin/adverse effects , P-Selectin/analysis , Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced , Thrombocytopenia/diagnosis , Aged , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hematologic Tests , Humans , Male , Platelet Factor 4/analysisABSTRACT
Multiple myeloma represents a subset of plasma cell dyscrasias characterized by the proliferation of plasma cells typically in the bone marrow, representing approximately 1% of all cancers and 15% of hematologic malignancies. Often multiple myeloma is limited to the skeletal system; however, a small percentage (<5%) of patients will develop extraosseous manifestations. We review the current WHO classification of plasma cell dyscrasias and use multimodality imaging including US, CT, MRI, and PET-CT to illustrate the spectrum of extraosseous multiple myeloma in the abdomen and pelvis. Because extraosseous multiple myeloma is associated with a poorer prognosis and decreased survival, it is important for the radiologist to become familiar with a variety of extraosseous manifestations in the abdomen and pelvis, especially in a patient with a known diagnosis of multiple myeloma and the development of an abdominal or pelvic mass.
