ABSTRACT
Motor neuron disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper motor neuron in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Death occurs 2-4 years after the onset of the disease. A complex interplay of cellular processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and impaired axonal transport are proposed pathogenetic processes underlying neuronal cell loss. Currently evidence exists for the use of riluzole as a disease modifying drug; multidisciplinary team care approach to patient management; noninvasive ventilation for respiratory management; botulinum toxin B for sialorrhoea treatment; palliative care throughout the course of the disease; and Modafinil use for fatigue treatment. Further research is needed in management of dysphagia, bronchial secretion, pseudobulbar affect, spasticity, cramps, insomnia, cognitive impairment, and communication in motor neuron disease.
ABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. It is the commonest cause of permanent disability in young adults. Environmental and genetic factors have been suggested in its etiology. Currently available disease modifying drugs are only effective in controlling inflammation but not prevention of neurodegeneration or accumulation of disability. Search for an effective neuroprotective therapy is at the forefront of multiple sclerosis research.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many factors influence the outcome of acute stroke, the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. OBJECTIVE: To identify the determinants of outcome of acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospectively study of 66 adult patients who presented to the medical emergency unit of University College Hospital (U.C.H), Ibadan, in coma from acute stroke, from August 2004 to March 2005, was undertaken after obtaining ethical clearance and written consent of the patients' relations. RESULT: Acute stroke constituted 33% of medical coma, 3.2% of hospital emergencies, 1.0% of total hospital admissions, and 7.3% of medical deaths during the study period. The stroke subtypes were intracerebral hemorrhage (78.8%) and large cerebral infarction (21.2%) with respective case fatalities of 69.7% and 13.6% at 4 weeks. Males constituted 75.8% of the patient population with sex-specific mortality of 68.2%. The highest age specific mortality of 65.2% was in the 40-59 years group. The common risk factors were systemic hypertension, obesity, alcohol/substance abuse, and diabetes mellitus. Co-morbidities included aspiration pneumonia, recurrent seizures, hyperglycemia, and sepsis. CONCLUSION: Age above 39 years, male gender, systemic hypertension, early onset of coma after stroke, and presence of co-morbidities were associated with poor stroke outcome.
