Antimicrobial management of dental infections: Updated review.

Dental infections, which include anything from severe periodontal illnesses and abscess forms to routine tooth caries, are a major public health risk. This review article focuses on the pathophysiology and treatment of dental infections. A narrative review was conducted based on several published articles, relevant journals, and books in Google Scholar PubMed using the keywords dental caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis, and related diseases; we excluded duplicated information. Our review illustrated the types of dental infections and the proper antimicrobial drug that is suitable for this disease. Drawing from recent research findings and clinical evidence, we explore the spectrum of bacteria commonly associated with dental infections and their susceptibility profiles to various antibiotics. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms of antibiotic action and resistance in the context of dental pathogens, shedding light on optimal treatment regimens and potential challenges in clinical management. Additionally, we go over the clinical consequences of antibiotic therapy in dentistry, taking into account factors like patient selection, dose guidelines, and side effects. The management of dental infections through antimicrobial strategies has undergone significant advancements, as evidenced by this updated review. Besides the normal methods, emerging technologies such as 3D printing for drug delivery of antibiotics and disinfectants hold promise in enhancing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. By leveraging the precision and customization afforded by 3D printing, dentistry can tailor antimicrobial interventions to individual patient needs, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects.

Clinical Pharmacogenetics of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Iraq.

Background: Clinical pharmacogenetics is a rapidly growing field that focuses on the study of genetic variations and their impact on drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used to treat hypertension in Iraq but not all patients respond equally to these drugs. Aim: This article aims to review the current evidence on the clinical pharmacogenetics of ARBs in Iraq and its implications for personalized medicine. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature review of studies on the genetic variations that affect the response to ARBs in Iraq. We also reviewed the prevalence of these genetic variants in the Iraqi population and discussed the potential clinical implications for personalized medicine. Results: The most studied genetic variations associated with ARB response in Iraq are the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism. The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with variability in response to ARBs, while the angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients treated with ARBs. The prevalence of these genetic variants in the Iraqi population varies widely depending on the region and ethnic group. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacogenetics of ARBs in Iraq suggests that pharmacogenetic testing could improve the selection and dosing of ARBs in Iraqi patients, leading to better patient outcomes and cost-effective healthcare.

Fe3O4 supported [Cu(ii)(met)(pro-H)2] complex as a novel nanomagnetic catalytic system for room temperature C-O coupling reactions.

In this study, a newly-designed copper(ii) complex of metformin and l-proline which was immobilized on Fe3O4 MNPs was developed. The structure of the catalyst platform was fully characterized using spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, the catalytic activity of [Fe3O4@Cu(ii)(Met)(Pro-H)2] was investigated in a one-pot synthesis of a variety of functionalized ethers in reasonable to excellent yields through Ullman reaction in an aqueous environment using various aryl halides, phenol, and Cs2CO3 and without using any external Cu-reducing agents. Notably, gentle catalytic conditions, quick reaction times, applicability, low cost, and preventing dangerous chemicals and solvents during synthesis and catalytic application are some of the superior properties of the [Fe3O4@Cu(ii)(Met)(Pro-H)2] complex. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused for several runs (at least eight times) without remarkable loss in efficiency.