Nitric oxide and its role in exercise physiology.

INTRODUCTION: Nitric oxide (NO) is quite an essential molecule for human metabolism since it plays an active role in body functions. In the past 20 years, nitric oxide has become a milestone in terms of both athlete physiology and pharmacology studies. The most known and remarkable function of NO is its role in controlling vasodilatation, blood rate, and mitochondrial respiration and thus enhance performance. Therefore, it can be argued that exercise and NO have a positive relationship. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: In the scientific literature search related to this review, the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) used MEDLINE and SportDiscus data and the terms "NO," "physical exercise," "vasodilatation," and "performance enhancement." The relevant literature took its source from the research of relevant articles from reference lists derived from data studies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: It was observed that there is a relationship between physical activity and nitric oxide, and it is demonstrated that physical activity enhances NO production. NO is supposed to improve sports performance, promote recovery, and benefit the athlete's health with its physiological support in vasodilatation, blood flow, and mitochondrial respiration. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and nitric oxide resulted to be related. There is a concrete evidence that physical activity enhances NO production. Exercise should be recommended for increasing the level of NO for athletes and for patients with cardiovascular disorders for therapy.

Associations between the expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) and clinicopathologic parameters of human breast carcinomas.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the expression of mucins in invasive breast carcinomas and clinicopathologic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 150 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, using the 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the tumors of the breast. We studied the expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 by immunohistochemistry. We also evaluated normal breast tissue and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions in nearby invasive tumor areas. RESULTS: In invasive breast carcinomas, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 were expressed in 98.6%, 11.3%, 9.9, and 8.5% of cases, respectively. MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 were overexpressed in invasive tumors and DCIS lesions were compared with normal breast tissue. The apical pattern of MUC1 was correlated with low grade and ER expression. MUC2 was correlated with mucinous carcinoma and an inverse association with invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS). MUC6 expression was associated with lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Most invasive breast tumors express MUC1 and the apical pattern of MUC1 is correlated with low grade and ER expression. MUC6 expression is associated with indicators of poor prognosis. Further comprehensive studies need to evaluate the role of mucins as a potential biomarker and to be used as a specific therapeutic target against breast cancer.

Single dose of intra-muscular platelet rich plasma reverses the increase in plasma iron levels in exercise-induced muscle damage: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is widely used in enhancing the recovery of skeletal muscle from injury. However, the impact of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses has not been fully elucidated in exercise-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this investigation the effects of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses and recovery strategy muscle damage induced by high intensity muscle exercise (exercise-induced muscle damage, EIMD). METHODS: Moderately active male volunteers participated in this study and were assigned to a control group (control, n = 6) and PRP administration group (PRP, n = 6). The subjects performed exercise with a load of 80% one repetition maximum (1RM) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow flexors until point of exhaustion of the non-dominant arm was reached. The arms were treated with saline or autologous PRP post-24 h EIMD. Venous blood samples were obtained in the morning to establish a baseline value and 1-4 days post-exercise and were analyzed for serum ferritin, iron, iron binding capacity (IBC), creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). RESULTS: The baseline levels of plasma iron, ferritin, IBC, CK, LDH, AST, and ALT were similar in both the control and PRP groups. However, 24-h following exercise a significant increase in these parameters was observed in both groups between 1 and 4 days during the recovery period. Interestingly, PRP administration decreased plasma iron levels compared to the control on the second day post-exercise. Plasma IBC increased in PRP group from Days 2 to 4 post-exercise compared to the control group whilst PRP administration had no effect on plasma ferritin, CK, AST, ALT, or LDH. CONCLUSION: Acute exhaustive exercise increased muscle damage markers, including plasma iron, IBC, and ferritin levels, indicating muscle damage induced by exercise. PRP administration improves inflammation by reversing the increase in the iron levels post-exercise without displaying any myotoxicity and may have a role to play in the recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Bioactive glass particulate filler composite: Effect of coupling of fillers and filler loading on some physical properties.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silanization of biostable and bioactive glass fillers in a polymer matrix on some of the physical properties of the composite. METHODS: The water absorption, solubility, flexural strength, flexural modulus and toughness of different particulate filler composite resins were studied in vitro. Five different specimen groups were analyzed: A glass-free control, a non-silanized bioactive glass, a silanized bioactive glass, a non-silanized biostable glass and a silanized biostable glass groups. All of these five groups were further divided into sub-groups of dry and water-stored materials, both of them containing groups with 3wt%, 6wt%, 9wt% or 12wt% of glass particles (n=8 per group). The silanization of the glass particles was carried out with 2% of gamma-3-methacryloxyproyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). For the water absorption and solubility tests, the test specimens were stored in water for 60 days, and the percentages of weight change were statistically analyzed. Flexural strength, flexural modulus and toughness values were tested with a three-point bending test and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Higher solubility values were observed in non-silanized glass in proportion to the percentage of glass particles. Silanization, on the other hand, decreased the solubility values of both types of glass particles and polymer. While 12wt% non-silanized bioactive glass specimens showed -0.98wt% solubility, 12wt% silanized biostable glass specimens were observed to have only -0.34wt% solubility. The three-point bending results of the dry specimens showed that flexural strength, toughness and flexural modulus decreased in proportion to the increase of glass fillers. The control group presented the highest results (106.6MPa for flexural strength, 335.7kPA for toughness, 3.23GPa for flexural modulus), whereas for flexural strength and toughness, 12wt% of non-silanized biostable glass filler groups presented the lowest (70.3MPa for flexural strength, 111.5kPa for toughness). For flexural modulus on the other hand, 12wt% of silanized biostable glass filler group gave the lowest results (2.57GPa). SIGNIFICANCE: The silanization of glass fillers improved the properties of the glass as well as the properties of the composite. Silanization of bioactive glass may protect the glass from leaching at early stage of water storage.

Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced cellular damage by modulating nitric oxide and apoptosis.

Although doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent its clinical use is restricted due to its organ toxicities. The present investigation relates to reducing DOX induced side effects to the liver, kidney and ileum by usage of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, resveratrol (RES) and to investigate the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the process. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (saline i.p); DOX (20 mg/kg i.p), RES (20 mg/kg i.p) and DOX (20mg/kg i.p)+RES (20 mg/kg i.p). Immunohistochemical activity of both iNOS and eNOS were evaluated after DOX treatment and ultrastructural changes such as cellular damage and mitochondrial degeneration were evaluated. Degenerative ultrastructural changes were demonstrated especially in the DOX treated group. Variations in biochemical marker levels of oxidative stress on ischemia in tissues were not observed. Our data indicate that RES may prevent cellular damage in the early phase of DOX induced toxicity. RES could be used with its beneficial effects during early cellular damage in organ toxicity after DOX treatment in cancer patients.

Effects of saliva and nasal secretion on some physical properties off our different resin materials

Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of saliva and nasal secretion on some physical properties,such as sorption, solubility, surface hardness and colour change on four different resin-based materials overa certain time period.Materials and Methods: A total of 128 disc-shaped specimens with a diameter of 50mm and thickness of 0.5mm were tested to evaluate sorption and solubility (ISO-1567). The specimens were stored in different solutions prior to testing. Surface hardness measurements were performed by using a Vickers hardness testing machine. A total of 20 cylinder shaped test specimens with a diameter of 13 mm and thickness of 1 mm were prepared to evaluate colour change (ÄE).Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences among groups. Paired t and Tukey Post-Hoc tests were performed to investigate significant differences among subgroups at all time intervals (p<0.05).Results: It was found that while the percentage absorption value at T7(7 days) of the auto-polymerizing (A) groups storaged in artificial saliva + nasal secretion were the highest (0.057±0.119), the percentage absorption value atT15(15 days) of the D groups storaged in artificial nasal secretion were the lowest (0.013±0.09). Besides, it was found that the percentage solubility value at T30(30 days) of visible ligth-cusing resin (VLC) groups storaged inartificial nasal secretion were the highest (0.016±0.003), and the percentage solubility value at T1(1 day) of the Dgroups storaged in distilled water were the lowest (0.01±0.02). While (..) (AU)

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Effects of saliva and nasal secretion on some physical properties of four different resin materials.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of saliva and nasal secretion on some physical properties, such as sorption, solubility, surface hardness and colour change on four different resin-based materials over a certain time period. METHODS: A total of 128 disc-shaped specimens with a diameter of 50 mm and thickness of 0.5 mm were tested to evaluate sorption and solubility (ISO-1567). The specimens were stored in different solutions prior to testing. Surface hardness measurements were performed by using a Vickers hardness testing machine. A total of 20 cylinder-shaped test specimens with a diameter of 13 mm and thickness of 1 mm were prepared to evaluate colour change (ΔE). Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences among groups. Paired t and Tukey Post-Hoc tests were performed to investigate significant differences among subgroups at all time intervals (p<0.05). RESULTS: It was found that while the percentage absorption value at T7 (7 days) of the A groups stored in artificial saliva+nasal secretion were the highest (0.057±0.119), the percentage absorption value at T15 (15 days) of the D groups stored in artificial nasal secretion were the lowest (0.013±0.09). Besides, it was found that the percentage solubility value at T30 (30 days) of VLC groups stored in artificial nasal secretion were the highest (0.016±0.003), and the percentage solubility value at T1(1 day) of the D groups stored in distilled water were the lowest (0.01±0.02). While the highest hardness value was of T0 (Dry) in group H (36.19±1.35), the lowest hardness value was of T0 in group D (9.83±2.48). When ΔE values analysed for each group, VLC group showed the highest values (23.78±5.05) (p<0.05), group D showed the lowest values (9.06±2.82) in time (between the T0 and T30). CONCLUSION: The new polyamide resin was observed to show better physical properties when compared with other materials.

Reversal of doxorubicin-induced vascular dysfunction by resveratrol in rat thoracic aorta: Is there a possible role of nitric oxide synthase inhibition?

OBJECTIVE: The natural antioxidant, resveratrol has been suggested to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Although derangements in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction caused by doxorubicin, the effects of resveratrol on these parameters have not been evaluated yet. We investigated the impact of resveratrol on doxorubicin-induced vascular dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta with regard to NO synthesis in an experimental, prospective, controlled study. METHODS: Wistar rats were assigned to 5 groups; doxorubicin (n=9), vehicle (dimethylsulphoxide) (n=8), resveratrol (n=8), doxorubicin+resveratrol (n=10), controls (n=9). Contractile and relaxant responses were evaluated on the isolated thoracic aortas. The expressions of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms of NO-synthase were also examined histopathologically on the aortas. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA for repeated measures for the response curves and one-way ANOVA for the pD2 (-log EC50) and Emax (maximum phenylephrine contraction) values with subsequent Bonferroni test. RESULTS: Doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, i.p), not only decreased the contractile responses to phenylephrine (p<0.001), but also attenuated the relaxant responses to acetylcholine (ACh) (p=0.002), calcium ionophore (A23187) (p=0.002) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (p=0.007). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased (p<0.05) eNOS and iNOS protein expressions after doxorubicin treatment. Coadministration of resveratrol (10 mg/kg/i.p.) reversed the increased expression of both NOS isoforms (p<0.05). Similarly, it prevented the doxorubicin-induced attenuation in ACh- (p=0.013) and A23187- (p=0.038) induced responses. In healthy rats the antioxidant did not cause significant changes. CONCLUSION: Prevention of excessive NO formation through eNOS and iNOS overexpression by resveratrol might contribute to the reversal of vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with doxorubicin treatment.