ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although differential patterns of temperament and character have been documented in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few studies have investigated relations between these dimensions, clinical features of ADHD, and treatment outcome. METHODS: Ninety-five boys with ADHD and 87 controls participated in the study; 88.5% of the referred patients were reassessed after optimal titration of methylphendiate treatment. RESULTS: Compared with controls, boys with ADHD showed a temperament profile of high novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and persistence, as well as low scores on both self-determination and cooperativeness character dimensions. No significant differences were found between subjects with ADHD and controls in harm avoidance. Temperament and character traits were related to specific symptom domains and comorbidity but did not predict global severity of ADHD. Persistent and immature children with ADHD were more likely to experience short-term remission.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Character , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Temperament , Adolescent , Child , Cooperative Behavior , Exploratory Behavior , Humans , Internal-External Control , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Motivation , Paris , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reward , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The sesquiterpene pacifenol is one of the main constituents of the red alga Laurencia claviformis. Earlier work on the semisynthetic derivatives of pacifenol afforded a series of halogenated sesquiterpenes. The aim of the present work was to obtain new hydroxylated derivatives of halogenated sesquiterpenes by means of microbial transformation using Aspergillus niger, Gibberella fujikuroi and Mucor plumbeus. The best results were obtained with M. plumbeus. The microbiological transformation by M. plumbeus of pacifenol, and two semisynthetic derivatives, is described. The structures of the new compounds obtained were determined by spectroscopic means.
Subject(s)
Mucor/metabolism , Sesquiterpenes/metabolism , Biotransformation , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Sesquiterpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Establecer tipologías de los suicidas en relación con un grupo de variables descritas como factores de riesgo y describir el comportamiento de dichas tipologías a lo largo del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional-analítico con base en registros de necropsia de los casos de suicidio en Bogotá en 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000. Para determinar las tipologías se utilizó el método de análisis multivariado de correspondencias múltiples. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 171 casos de suicidio en 1985, 222 casos en 1990, 273 en 1995 y 329 en el año 2000. Se evidenció que factores como la comorbilidad física o mental, el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, el acceso a métodos letales, y el poco uso de armas de fuego por parte de las mujeres, son factores constantes en los años estudiados. A su vez, se presentaron cambios en algunas tipologías que se relacionaron con la presencia de adicciones en mujeres y el VIH-SIDA. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque existen tipologías de suicidas relativamente constantes a lo largo del período de 15 años, la aparición de cambios en los perfiles epidemiológicos y en los estilos de vida generan modificaciones de tales tipologías. Esto sugiere que los factores de riesgo de suicidio son un elemento dinámico, que se modifica con el tiempo.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Colombia/epidemiology , Multivariate Analysis , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish how suicide's typologies are related with a group of variables described as risk factors and to describe the stability of these typologies during a period of 15 years. METHODS: Observational-analytic study based on autopsy registers of suicides in Bogotá in 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000. In order to determine typologies, the method of multivarioate analysis of multiple correspondences was employed. RESULTS: 171 cases of suicide were detected in 1985, 222 cases in 1990, 273 in 1995 and 329 in 2000. Physical or mental co-morbidity, the use of psychoactive substances, access to lethal methods of injury, and the rare use of fire weapons by women, were constant factors during the years studied. At the same time, changes in some typologies were related to the presence of addictions in women and to HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Although relatively constant suicide typologies exist during the 15-year period studied, changes in the epidemiological profiles and new life styles generate modifications of these typologies. This suggests that suicide risk factors are a dynamic element that is modified as time passes.
Subject(s)
Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Para analizar los patrones bimodales de la edad en víctimas de suicidio de Bogotá en tres puntos de corte, 1990, 1995 y 2000, se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional analítico con base en los expedientes del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal analizados mediante aplicación de modelos estadísticos de distribuciones de mezcla finita. Se analizaron 222 suicidios en 1990, 272 en 1995 y 330 en el 2000. Se comprobó la presencia de un patrón bimodal en cada uno de los años analizados. Las medias de cada uno de los componentes responsables de las dos modas se hicieron progresivamente menores con el transcurso del tiempo. En Bogotá se dio una distribución bimodal en la edad de los suicidas a lo largo del período analizado. La tendencia de las medias sugiere que, con el transcurso del tiempo, los suicidios en Bogotá tienden a ocurrir en personas más jóvenes. Este fenómeno debe ser objeto de investigación adicional y de aplicación de estrategias específicas en salud mental dirigidas a estos grupos en riesgo.
Subject(s)
Adult , Suicide , Colombia , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: analizar las características de la edad en víctimas de suicidio en Bogotá durante los años 1999 y 2000. Diseño: estudio observacional, analítico, basado en el modelo estadístico de distribuciones de mezcla finita, resuelto mediante estimación de parámetros con métodos de máxima verosimilitud. Marco de referencia: documentos de necropsia de suicidas en Bogotá durante los años 1999 y 2000. Mediciones principales: edad de 686 suicidas detectados en Bogotá durante ese período. Resultados: se encuentra que la edad de los suicidas tiene un comportamiento bimodal, correspondiente a dos grupos poblacionales, uno con media de 21.3 años y otro con media de 43.5 años. El grupo de víctimas de suicidio de menor edad es un grupo más homogéneo. Conclusiones: a diferencia de los informes de la literatura, los grupos de mediana edad en Bogotá presentan mayor riesgo que el grupo de ancianos
Subject(s)
Age Distribution , SuicideABSTRACT
An observational analytic study was carried out to analyze bimodal patterns related with age in suicidal victims in Bogotá during 1990, 1995 and 2000 using information from autopsy reports. The analysis was based on statistical models of finite mixture distributions, and parameters were estimated with maximum likelihood methods. Two hundred and twenty two suicides were analyzed in 1990, 272 in 1995, and 330 in 2000. The presence of a bimodal distribution in each one of the analyzed years was demonstrated. As time passes, the means became progressively smaller. Age showed a bimodal distribution during the analyzed period. Means tendencies suggest that suicide is becoming more frequent among young people. Additional research and specific mental health strategies are recommended for these risk groups.
