Superficial versus deep injections of the upper midface-A prospective interventional split-face study.

BACKGROUND: Various injection algorithms have been proposed in the past which are in line with the three aesthetic principles: upper face first, lateral face first, and deep regions first. However, increasing evidence is provided that the upper midface can be targeted with superficial soft tissue filler injections alone too. OBJECTIVE: To investigate in a prospective split-face study design whether superficial or deep upper midfacial injections provide superior aesthetic outcomes. METHODS: A total of n = 20 study participants (100% females; age 43.95 (11.7) years; BMI 22.92 (2.6) kg/m2 ) were treated with superficial soft tissue filler injections on side of their face and deep injections on the contralateral side with a mean volume of 0.78 cc. Outcome was evaluated at 7 weeks follow-up for midfacial, and lower facial volume, for medial and lateral facial skin vector displacement, and for improvement of nasolabial, crow's feet, and upper cheek fullness severity scores. RESULTS: No adverse events related to safety or product tolerability were observed during the entire study period. All semiquantitative scores improved statistically significantly after the observational period (p < 0.001) but displayed no difference between the two applied injection techniques (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this split-face study revealed that both the superficial and the deep cannula injection technique for midface volumization statistically significantly improve the midfacial volume, reduce nasolabial fold and crow's feet severity. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two injection techniques when compared via semiquantitative and objective outcome evaluation after 7 weeks follow-up.

Biogeographical Relationships and Diversity in the Peruvian Flora Reported by Hipólito Ruiz and José Pavón: Vegetation, Uses and Anthropology.

The Royal Spanish Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru in the 18th century was one of the most important European expeditions to American territories. Using the herbarium sheets of Ruiz and Pavón (Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid) and their edited works, manuscripts and expedition diaries, we have constructed a database of the collected and observed flora, which has served as the basis for a map containing all of the Peruvian localities of the expedition. Based on the method of bioclimatic belts and our own observations, we have deduced to which type of vegetation the flora studied in the expedition belongs. The uses of the flora per locality were studied, as well as the ethnic groups involved in the different localities. By using a Principal Component Analysis, we have obtained the distribution of the bioclimatic belts whose vegetation was the most explored. In order to observe the bioclimatic tendency of plant uses, a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was conducted to identify the distribution of localities with the highest frequencies of plant uses. The expedition's explorations focused on the most humid areas of the thermo- and mesotropical belts, from where a large number of plants with practical uses were obtained.

DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves.

Understanding biodiversity patterns as well as drivers of population declines, and range losses provides crucial baselines for monitoring and conservation. However, the information needed to evaluate such trends remains unstandardised and sparsely available for many taxonomic groups and habitats, including the cave-dwelling bats and cave ecosystems. We developed the DarkCideS 1.0 ( https://darkcides.org/ ), a global database of bat caves and species synthesised from publicly available information and datasets. The DarkCideS 1.0 is by far the largest database for cave-dwelling bats, which contains information for geographical location, ecological status, species traits, and parasites and hyperparasites for 679 bat species are known to occur in caves or use caves in part of their life histories. The database currently contains 6746 georeferenced occurrences for 402 cave-dwelling bat species from 2002 cave sites in 46 countries and 12 terrestrial biomes. The database has been developed to be collaborative and open-access, allowing continuous data-sharing among the community of bat researchers and conservation biologists to advance bat research and comparative monitoring and prioritisation for conservation.

Geographical context outweighs habitat disturbance effects in explaining mistletoe population genetic differentiation at a regional scale.

Genetic differentiation depends on ecological and evolutionary processes that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. While the geographical context is likely to determine large-scale genetic variation patterns, habitat disturbance events will probably influence small-scale genetic diversity and gene flow patterns. Therefore, the genetic diversity patterns that we observe today result from the combination of both processes, but they are rarely assessed simultaneously. We determined the population structure and genetic diversity of a hemiparasitic mistletoe (Tristerix corymbosus) from the temperate rainforests of southern Chile to determine the effects of geographical context and habitat disturbance at a regional scale and if it is affected by the abundance and occurrence of its seed disperser mutualist (the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides). We genotyped 359 individuals from 12 populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms, across three different geographical contexts and four disturbance conditions. We also used camera traps to estimate the abundance and occurrence of the seed disperser. Our results suggest that genetic differences among populations are related more to geographical context than to habitat disturbance. However, as disturbance increased, D. gliroides abundance and occurrence decreased, and mistletoe inbreeding index (FIS ) increased. We also found highly uneven gene flow among study sites. Despite the high levels of disturbance that these temperate rainforests are facing, our results suggest that mistletoe genetic differentiation at a regional scale was more influenced by historical events. However, habitat disturbance can indirectly affect mistletoe population genetic differentiation via the seed dispersal process, which may increase levels of inbreeding.

Atribuciones profesionales en el ejercicio para la salud de la Sociedad Española de Medicina del Deporte / Professional attributions in the exercise for the health of the Spanish Society of Sports Medicine

La práctica regular de ejercicio físico es extraordinariamente efectiva en el manejo de un número creciente de patologíascrónicas algunas de ellas con una prevalencia de magnitud pandémica, por lo que la sociedad debe asumir la incorporaciónde la actividad física como estrategia de salud para prevenir y para servir como tratamiento complementario de la enfermedad.La medicina y la fisioterapia tienen un papel primordial en el manejo del ejercicio para la salud y también, fuera de la sanidad,las titulaciones de ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte ocupan un papel muy destacado en este ámbito de trabajo.Desde la sanidad, la medicina y la fisioterapia tienen un papel primordial en el manejo del ejercicio para la salud y también,fuera de la sanidad, las titulaciones de ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte ocupan un papel muy destacado en la pro-moción y ejecución de estrategias para el fomento de la salud.Estas profesiones han venido ocupando una posición en el abordaje de este problema que, en algunas ocasiones, ha supuestopuntos de fricción respecto a su papel, responsabilidades y función. Por otra parte, existe la necesidad de resolver la cuestiónde los ámbitos competenciales de las profesiones manteniendo la voluntad de reconocer simultáneamente los crecientesespacios competenciales compartidos interprofesionalmente y los muy relevantes espacios específicos de cada profesión.Este documento parte de la necesidad de abordar la incorporación del ejercicio en la prevención y manejo de la enfermedadde una forma sólida y consistente, considerando la aportación de las profesiones implicadas desde la óptica del trabajo mul-tidisciplinar y con una colaboración no conflictiva sino cooperativa, transparente y respetuosa y, siempre, con el objetivo deservir a la sociedad de la forma más efectiva posible, definiendo de una forma clara cuáles con las atribuciones profesionalesde la medicina, de la fisioterapia y de las ciencias...(AU)

The regular practice of physical exercise is extraordinarily effective in the management of a growing number of chronic diseases,some of them with a prevalence of pandemic magnitude, for which the society must assume the incorporation of physicalactivity as a health strategy to prevent and to serve as a complementary treatment of the disease.Not only medicine and physiotherapy play a fundamental role in the management of exercise for health but also, outside ofhealth, Sports science and physical education degree is crucial in this field of work.From a health point of view, medicine and physiotherapy have a primary role in the management of exercise for health andalso, outside of health, sports science and physical education degree occupy a very prominent role in the promotion andimplementation of strategies for the promotion of health.These professions have been occupying a position in addressing this problem that, on some occasions, has led to points offriction with respect to their role, responsibilities and function. On the other hand, there is a need to resolve the question ofthe professions’ areas of competence while maintaining the will to simultaneously recognize the growing areas of competenceshared interprofessionally and the highly relevant areas specific to each profession.This document is based on the need to address the incorporation of exercise in the prevention and management of disease ina solid and consistent way, considering the contribution of the professions involved from the perspective of multidisciplinarywork and with a non-conflictual but cooperative, transparent and respectful collaboration. In addition, this collaborationshould always aim at serving society in the most effective way possible, clearly defining the professional attributions of me-dicine, physiotherapy and physical activity and sport sciences in everything related to the use of exercise as a tool for health.(AU)

Soccer Matches but Not Training Sessions Disturb Cardiac-Autonomic Regulation During National Soccer Team Training Camps.

Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to monitor changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Monitoring HRV via the natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD), a decrease was related to lower parasympathetic activity and a fatigued state, and an increase was related to higher parasympathetic activity and better physical conditioning. This study analyzed daily ANS function changes among professional soccer players at national team training camps during preparation for the UEFA Eurocup 2016. Method: 23 professional soccer players were distributed into two groups: First eleven (players who played more than 60 minutes per soccer match) and Reserves (the rest of the players). HRV and session training load (s-TL) were monitored. Between-group daily differences were assessed using two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA. Results: s-TL significantly increased (p < .05) at the beginning of each camp and significantly decreased the day before the soccer match (p < .001). There was a significant time by group interaction in lnRMSSD (p = .024). Changes were found in the First eleven group from match day +1 to match day +2 (+0.523 ms, p = .003). After the soccer match, there were between-group differences (p < .05) at +24h and +72h in lnRMSSD. Conclusions: During national team training camps, ANS function was only modified 24h and 72h after playing soccer matches, in players who played a minimum of 60 minutes. This knowledge can help coaches to monitor the impact of soccer matches during training camps to detect fatigue and improve recovery.

Comparison of Omegawave Device and an Ambulatory ECG for RR Interval Measurement at rest.

The aim of this study was to validate the measurements of the beat intervals taken at rest by the Omegawave® device by comparing them to an ambulatory electrocardiogram system. For this purpose, the electrocardiogram was digitally processed, time-aligned, and scrutinized for its suitable use as gold-standard. Rest measurements were made for 10 minutes on 5 different days to 10 men and 3 women (24.8±5.05 years; 71.82±11.02 kg; 174.35±9.13 cm). RR intervals were simultaneously recorded using the Omegawave device and a Holter electrocardiogram. The processing of Holter electrocardiogram signals included the detrending of baseline noise and a high-pass filtering for emphasizing the QRS complexes and attenuating the T waves. After obtaining the RR intervals from the electrocardiogram, those from the Omegawave device were automatically aligned to them with cross-correlation digital processing techniques and compared to check whether both measurements could be considered superimposable. A Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the 5 measurements made for all subjects. The Omegawave device exhibited very strong agreement with a quality-controlled Holter electrocardiogram. Deviations not exceeding 25 ms could be expected in 95% of the cases, which is within manageable ranges both for clinical practice and for sports.

A Phytosociological Study on Andean Rainforests of Peru, and a Comparison with the Surrounding Countries.

This work is a phytosociological approach to the montane rainforests of Peru with the aim of advancing on the diversity of plant communities, which we had already begun in previous research. From 364 phytosociological plots and 3389 species of the South American tropics, we have developed a cluster, using the Sørensen index, to know the similarities between the forests and their parallelism with bioclimatic conditions. After studying the existence of characteristic groups of the Peruvian forests, we have established different communities and phytosociological units for Peru. As a result, we have described seven associations, within three new alliances, which are gathered in the new order Saurauio peruvianae-Condaminetalia corymbosae of the new class Morello pubescentis-Myrsinetea coriaceae. In addition, two associations have been described within the class Pruno rigidae-Oreopanacetea floribundae (mesotropical laurel-like forests), and three for the class Alnetea acuminatae (alder forests and palm groves). The humid forests of Peru are closer to those of Ecuador and to those of the set formed by the three Colombian mountain ranges than to those of Bolivia and Argentina, due to the common flora these share with areas of Paraguay and even of the Parana River region.

Obesidad y ejercicio físico en adultos / Obesity and physical exercise in adults

No disponible

Phenomenology and geographical gradients of atmospheric deposition in southwestern Europe: Results from a multi-site monitoring network.

This article presents the results of atmospheric deposition from a 15-sites network which cover remote, agricultural, urban and industrial areas in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, with the aim of exploring geographical, climatic and natural vs anthropogenic gradients. Annual average fluxes of global deposition, discriminating insoluble (3,5-20,7 g m-2 year-1) and soluble-inorganic (7,1-45,5 g m-2 year-1) aerosols are discussed, seasonal patterns are regarded, and an attempt to estimate the impact of the main sources is presented. The wide range of atmospheric deposition fluxes (DF) regarding soluble (DFSOL) and insoluble (DFINS) has been investigated taking into consideration the contribution from nearby to long-distance sources, such as African dust, or regional-to-nearby ones, which include agricultural dust in the Ebro Valley, industrial emissions at different parts, urban dust at all cities, or saline dust resuspension from a dissicated lake bed. DFSOL is made up of marine aerosols, prevailing in coastal areas, with few exceptions in the Ebro Valley; nitrogen-species, homogeneously distributed across the network, with few exceptions due to agricultural sources; mineral dust, enhanced in the Ebro Valley owing to regional and agricultural emissions; and phospathe, displaying comparable values to other studies in general, but three hotspots at regional background environments have been identified. DFINS particles followed the aridity pattern, especially where anthropogenic emissions take place. Our estimates indicate that the regional dust to DFINS in the Ebro Valley represented 23-30%, overpassing 50% at intensive agricultural areas. Similarly, urban-metropolitan contributions accounted for 37-45% at the four cities, and 55% at the industrial one. African dust deposition was enhanced in the Central Pyrenees (75-80%) as a result of the magnification of atmospheric washout processes, and in south-eastern Iberia (69%) owing to the higher frequency of dust outbreaks.

Long-Term Combined Training in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Case Study.

A supervised combined training program was applied to a sedentary 56-year-old man with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) along three years, until lung transplantation. It included: (a) aerobic continuous (CT) and interval training (IT), (b) high load resistance training (RT) and (c) inspiratory muscle training (IMT). IT and IMT were applied for two years, while CT and RT could be maintained until transplantation using supplemental oxygen. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) kept above 180 cm H2O and forced vital capacity (FVC) remained stable until lung transplantation. Peak oxygen uptake VO2 increased during 1.5 years before its decline, staying above the poor prognosis level two years. Finally, the patient maintained his walking capacity and independence for 2 years, before the decline due to the disease. After receiving a two-lung transplant, the patient remained intubated for 12 h, left the intensive care unit after 3.5 days and was discharged after 18 days (average values: 48 h, 7-10 days and 25-35 days, respectively). These results show that systematic and supervised combined training can be safety applied in an IPF patient to maintain functionality and quality of life. In addition, we show that RT can be maintained for as long as necessary without complications.

Individual versus team heart rate variability responsiveness analyses in a national soccer team during training camps.

Heart rate variability (HRV) analyses can be performed using group or individual changes. Individual changes could be of potential interest during training camps for national soccer teams. The purpose of this study was to compare whether analysis of individual daily HRV could detect changes in cardiac autonomic responses during training camps for national soccer teams. During two different training camps, 34 professional soccer players were monitored daily over 9 days, using heart rate monitors. Players were divided into First Eleven (those who participated in the main squad) or Reserves. Daily HRV was individually analyzed using a day-to-day method or a baseline (days prior to first match) method, using the smallest worthwhile change and the typical error in the estimate to establish a trivial (random change) zone. Group changes were also analyzed using an ANOVA one-way repeated measures test. Players' responsiveness was classified as High-, Low- or Non-response depending on individual changes. Both analyses showed substantial daily individual changes after playing a soccer match, regardless of the group. However, group changes showed that only First Eleven players had significant changes after playing a soccer match. In conclusion, individual daily HRV analyses are useful in detecting individual changes in professional soccer players.

Basal and post-exercise heart rate variability correlates with training load in endurance athletes / La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca basal y posterior al ejercicio correlaciona con la carga de entrenamiento en atletas de resistencia / A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca basai e pós-exercício está correlacionada com a carga de treinamento em atletas de resistência

OBJECTIVE: Heart rate variability has been proposed as a valid method to examine the individual response to training load in endurance athletes. Thanks to this tool, the relationship between basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements can be analyzed during a microcycle (one week) using straight values or their coefficients of variation. METHOD: Ten amateur endurance athletes (n = 5 men, n = 5 women) were monitored during a 7-day microcycle that included three road-cycling sessions, two running sessions and two trail-running sessions. The RR series were measured for 5 minutes upon wake up and after training, in a seating position, using a chest strap. RESULTS: Basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements showed high correlation when weekly mean values were used, very similar to when coefficients of variation values were used. In women, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was: r= 0.73; RMSSD coefficients of variation (RMSSDcv) was: r= 0.66; natural logarithm (Ln) RMSSD: r= 0.68; LnRMSSDcv: r= 0.79; and in men it RMSSD was: r= 0.78; RMSSDcv: r= -0.62; LnRMSSD: r= 0.75; LnRMSSDcv: r= -0.73). CONCLUSION: the relationship between these two measurements could be useful to program the training loads of the following microcycle

OBJETIVO: La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca se ha propuesto como un método válido para examinar la respuesta individual a la carga de entrenamiento en atletas de resistencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre las mediciones basales y post ejercicio durante un microciclo (una semana) utilizando valores directos o sus coeficientes de variación. MÉTODO: Se monitorizó a diez atletas aficionados de resistencia durante un microciclo de 7 días, que incluyó tres sesiones de ciclismo de ruta, dos sesiones de carrera y dos sesiones de trail running. Las series RR se midieron durante 5 minutos al despertar y después del entrenamiento, en posición sentado, utilizando una banda torácica. RESULTADOS: Las mediciones de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca basales y post ejercicio mostraron una alta correlación cuando se usaron valores medios semanales, como cuando se usaron valores de los coeficientes de variación. En mujeres, la raíz cuadrada de la media de las diferencias de la suma de los cuadrados entre intervalos RR adyacentes (RMSSD) fue: r = 0.73; el coeficiente de variación (cv) de la RMSSD fue RMSSDcv: r = 0.66; el logaritmo natural (Ln) de la RMSSD (LnRMSSD) fue: r = 0.68; LnRMSSDcv: r = 0.79; y en los hombres fueron RMSSD: r = 0.78; RMSSDcv: r = -0.62; LnRMSSD: r = 0.75; LnRMSSDcv: r = -0.73. CONCLUSIONES: La relación entre estas dos mediciones podría ser útil para el programa de entrenamiento del microciclo posterior

OBJETIVO: A variação da frequência cardíaca tem sido utilizada como método de análise de respostas individuais a carga de treino em atletas de endurance. Graças a esta ferramenta, a relação entre a variação da frequência cardíaca basal e pós-exercício pode ser analisada durante um microciclo (uma semana) usando valores diretos ou seus coeficientes de variação. MÉTODO: Dez atletas de endurance amadores (n = 5 homens, n = 5 mulheres) foram monitorados durante microciclos de 7 dias que incluíram 3 sessões de ciclismo em estrada, duas sessões de corrida e duas sessões de corrida em trilha. As series de RR foram medidas durante 5 minutos depois de acordar e depois do exercício, em posição sentada, com recurso a cardiofrenquencímetros toráxicos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram uma correlação alta entre as medidas de variação de frequência cardíaca basal e pós-exercício quando utilizados valores médios semanais, muito semelhantes aos resultados quando utilizados coeficientes de variação. Nas mulheres, a raiz quadrada media das diferenças sucessivas (RMSSD) foi: r= 0.73; coeficientes de variação RMSSD, (RMSSDcv) foi: r= 0.66; logaritmo natural (Ln) RMSSD: r = 0.68; LnRMSSDcv: r= 0.79; e nos homens, raiz quadrada media das diferenças sucessivas r= 0.78; RMSSDcv: r= -0.62; LnRMSSD: r= 0.75; LnRMSSDcv: r= -0.73). CONCLUSÃO: a relação entre estas duas medidas poderia ser útil para prescrição de cargas de treino dos microciclos seguintes

Heart rate variability to assess the effect of sleep deprivation in mountain troops of the chilean army: a pilot study / Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca para evaluar el efecto de la privación del sueño en tropas de montaña del ejército chileno: un estudio piloto

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to identify the effect of sleep deprivation on a stress test simulating a military march, via changes in heart rate variability (HRV) in special mountain troops. Eight subjects from special mountain troops carried out a simulated march test on a treadmill. The incremental march test had 7 stages of 3 minute duration at a constant velocity of 5 km/h and slopes of 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 %. To assess the HRV, two heartbeat records were taken over 5 minutes in dorsal decubitus position before and after the march test; the first session took place without sleep deprivation, and the following day with sleep deprivation. RESULTS: The main finding of this study is that the physiological stress imposed by the simulated treadmill march is the same with and without sleep deprivation. There were no significant differences between pre and post HRV data in any of the situations, but effect size was moderate or large (d=0.2 was considered as the Smallest Worthwhile Change). indicating a highly relevant response. However, after comparing with and without sleep deprivation tests no changes were found (non-significant and non-relevant). CONCLUSIONS: The stress test performed, did not present differences in physical and physiological responses while being deprived of sleep over 24 hours. A simple test is proposed to evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation as a stressor agent. A treadmill test at a constant speed with increasing slopes would be performed and repeated the following day after 24 hours of sleep deprivation

INTRODUCCIÓN: Nuestro objetivo fue identificar el efecto de la falta de sueño en una prueba de esfuerzo que simula una marcha militar, a través de cambios en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) en tropas especiales de montaña. Ocho sujetos de tropas especiales de montaña realizaron una prueba de marcha simulada en una cinta de correr. La prueba de marcha incremental tuvo 7 etapas de 3 minutos de duración a una velocidad constante de 5 km/h y pendientes de 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 y 10%. Para evaluar la VFC, se tomaron los registros de latidos latido del corazón durante 5 minutos en posición de decúbito dorsal antes y después de la prueba de marcha; la primera sesión tuvo lugar sin privación de sueño y al día siguiente con privación de sueño. RESULTADOS: El principal hallazgo de este estudio es que el estrés fisiológico impuesto por la marcha simulada de la cinta rodante es el mismo con y sin privación del sueño. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los datos de VFC anteriores y posteriores en ninguna de las situaciones, pero el tamaño del efecto fue moderado o grande (d = 0.2 se consideró como umbral de cambio pequeño). Indica una respuesta altamente relevante. Sin embargo, después de comparar con y sin las pruebas de privación de sueño, no se encontraron cambios (no significativos y no relevantes). CONCLUSIONES: La prueba de esfuerzo realizada no presentó diferencias en las respuestas físicas y fisiológicas al estar privada de sueño durante 24 horas. Se propone una prueba simple para evaluar el efecto de la falta de sueño como agente estresante. Se realizaría una prueba de la cinta rodante a una velocidad constante con pendientes crecientes y se repetiría al día siguiente después de 24 horas de falta de sueño

Cambios hormonales en soldados aclimatados durante una marcha en gran altitud con esquí de montaña / Hormonal changes in acclimatized soldiers during a march at a high altitude with mountain skis

Background: The aim of the present study is to identify the physiological impact of acute exposure to high altitudes on special acclimatized troops of the Chilean Army. Twenty-nine soldiers carried out a nocturnal winter march on mountain skis at an initial altitude of 2,800 m and up to 3,640 m. Two separate blood measurements were taken. The first one was taken the day before the march (Pre-sample) and the second one just after returning to the base camp (Post-sample). All subjects had been acclimatized prior to the study. For hypothesis comparison purposes, the normality of the distribution was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To determine if there were significant differences between the Pre and Post tests, a paired-samples Student t-test was applied for the variables with a normal distribution, and the Wilcoxon test was applied for the variables without a normal distribution. In all cases, a level of significance of 95% (p<0.05) was taken into consideration. Results: Exposure of acclimatized troops to altitudes of 2,800 m to 3,640 m has an impact on the endocrine parameters and on the reduction of cortisol (p<0.01), total testosterone (p<0.0001), free testosterone (p<0.0001) and the free testosterone-cortisol ratio (p<0.01). Likewise, an increase in total leukocytes (p<0.0001), neutrophils (p<0.0001), monocytes (p<0.0001) and basophils (p<0.001), as well as a decrease of eosinophils (p<0.0001) and lymphocytes (p<0.01), was observed. No hematological changes were detected. Conclusions: Endocrine changes were observed during high-altitude winter marches on mountain skis carried out by accli-matized Special Operation Troops, resulting in decreased cortisol and free and total testosterone levels. A stress condition due to the high altitudes also affected the anabolic/catabolic environment, which manifested as a significant decrease in the free testosterone/cortisol ratio. No hematological changes were identified. Marked changes were observed in some white cell series

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar el impacto fisiológico (con especial atención a los parámetros endocrinos y hematológicos) de la exposición aguda a gran altitud (GA) en tropas especiales aclimatadas del Ejército de Chile. Veintinueve soldados llevaron a cabo una marcha nocturna con esquí de montaña invernal a una GA de 2.800 m. hasta 3.640 m. Se tomaron dos muestras de sangre. La primera muestra fue tomada el día antes de la marcha (Pretest) y la segunda muestra justo después al regresar al campamento base Post test (a los 2.800 m). Todos los sujetos se encontraban aclimatados antes del estudio. Para cada análisis se testeo la normalidad de las distribuciones empleando el test de Shapiro-Wilk. Se calculó el promedio y la desviación estándar para cada medición. Para determinar si existían diferencias significativas entre el pre y post test se aplicó la prueba de t-Student pareada para las variables con distribución normal y el test de Wilcoxon para las variables que no tenían distribución normal. En todos los casos se consideró un nivel de confianza de 95% (valor p < 0,05). Resultados: La exposición de las tropas aclimatadas a GA tiene un impacto en los parámetros endocrinos y en la reducción de cortisol (p <0,01), testosterona total (p <0,0001), testosterona libre (p <0,0001) y el ratio testosterona libre-cortisol (p <0.01). Asimismo, se observaron un aumento de leucocitos (p <0,0001), neutrófilos (p <0,0001), monocitos (p <0,0001) y basófilos (p <0,001), así como una decrease de eosinófilos (p <0,0001) y linfocitos (p < 0.01). No se observaron cambios en la serie roja. Conclusiones: La marcha invernal nocturna con esquí de montaña en GA para tropas de operaciones especiales aclimatadas presento cambios endocrinos con disminución del cortisol, testosterona libre y total. Una condición de estrés por la marcha en GA también afectó al ambiente anabólico/catabólico, lo que se ve reflejado en una disminución significativa en el cociente testosterona libre/cortisol. No se observaron cambios hematológicos. Se observaron cambios significativos en algunas células de la serie blanca

Isolation and Characterization of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Peach Seed Hydrolysates: In Vivo Assessment of Antihypertensive Activity.

A peptide fraction with molecular masses below 3 kDa (PSH-3 kDa) from a peach seed hydrolysate demonstrated high angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (concentration to inhibit 50% ACE (IC50) = 16.4 µg/mL) in our previous work. This work proposes a further study of this highly active fraction. RP-HPLC enabled two fractions (F3 and F4) with high inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.0 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.2 µg/mL, respectively) to be isolated. Peptide analysis by LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS using reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography enabled 33 peptides within both fractions to be identified. Among them, peptide isoleucine-tyrosine-serine-proline-histidine (IYSPH) showed the highest capacity. The lack of cytotoxicity of peptides was demonstrated in three different cell lines (HeLa, HT-29, and HK-2). Oral administration of PSH-3 kDa fraction or peptide IYSPH caused a significant systolic blood pressure reduction (-30 mmHg) on spontaneously hypertensive rats after 3-6 h treatment.

Efectos hormonales y hematológicos en una marcha invernal de baja altitud en militares chilenos / Hormonal and hematological effects in a low-altitude winter march in chilean military

Introducción: Las exposiciones intermitentes a gran altitud tienen efectos agudos sobre algunos marcadores biológicos, como la testosterona, pero no así en baja altitud. Dado que el entrenamiento de soldados debería ir asociado a tareas militares específicas, adquiere gran importancia valorar los cambios fisiológicos que puedan producirse en determinadas circunstancias (como la altitud) pero durante la realización de actividades propias de las unidades militares. Objetivo: Identificar los cambios hematológicos y en las hormonas Testosterona Libre (TL), Testosterona Total (TT ) y Cortisol en una marcha nocturna a baja altitud en soldados de operaciones en montaña. Metodología: 32 Militares masculinos (26,3 ± 4,50 años, 75,1 ± 7,6 kg) realizaron una marcha invernal nocturna con equipo y un desnivel entre los 902 y 1648 m. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre antes y después de la marcha y se midió TL, TT, cortisol y hemograma: hematíes (Hmt), hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Htto) y volumen corpuscular medio (VCM). Resultados: Se produjo un descenso significativo de los valores de TL y TT sin cambios en el cortisol plasmático. También se observó un descenso en las cifras de Hmt, Hb, Htto y VCM. Conclusión: Una marcha invernal con equipo de combate, en baja altitud y con un desnivel de 746 m, produce un descenso significativo de los valores plasmáticos de Testosterona (libre y total) en soldados de una unidad de operaciones en montaña. No se observan cambios en los valores de cortisol. Se detecta una reducción significativa de hematíes, hemoglobina, hematocrito y VCM que podrían deberse a un efecto de hemodilución

Introduction: Intermittent exposures at high altitude have acute effects on some biological markers, such as testosterone, but not at low altitude. Since the training of soldiers should carry out specific military activities, is very important to asses physiological changes that can occur in particular circumstances (such as altitude) but during the performance of the activities of the military units. Objective: To identify the hematological changes and the hormones Free Testosterone (TL), Total Testosterone (TT ) and Cortisol during a nocturnal march at low altitude in soldiers of mountain operations. Methodology: 32 male military (26.3 ± 4.50 years, 75.1 ± 7.6 kg) performed a nocturnal winter march with equipment between 902 and 1648 m of altitude. Blood samples were obtained before and after the march, and TL, TT, cortisol and blood count were measured: red blood cells (Hmt), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Htto) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV ). Results: There was a significant decrease in TL and TT values without changes in plasmatic cortisol. A reduction in the values of Hmt, Hb, Htto and VCM has also been observed. Conclusion: A winter march with combat equipment, at low altitude and with a unevenness of 746 m, produces a significant decrease in the plasma values of Testosterone (free and total) in soldiers of mountain operations. No changes in cortisol values are observed. A significant reduction of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV is detected, which could be due to a hemodilution effect

Recovery of Heart Rate Variability After Exercise Under Hot Conditions: The Effect of Relative Humidity.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise in hot environments and recovery to baseline values depending on relative humidity. METHODS: Ten recreational runners participated in this study. Each participant performed 2 trials consisting of 30 min of continuous running under hot and dry (HD) (38°C and 28% relative humidity) and hot and humid (HH) conditions (38°C and 64% relative humidity) at their common 10 km race-running rhythm. HRV and body mass were assessed pre- and post-trial; the rating of perceived exertion and HRV were assessed during the trial; and HRV measurements were repeated 2, 4, 8, and 24 h postexercise. Primary HRV outcomes were root mean square of the successive differences, high frequency power, stress score, and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio. One-way analysis of variance testing was used to analyze differences. RESULTS: No significant difference in body mass occurred across the different conditions or distances covered (P>0.05). Rating of perceived exertion presented the highest correlation values with stress score (r=0.729 for HD; r=0.568 for HH) and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio (r=0.621 for HD; r=0.519 for HH) during exercise. HRV recovered to baseline values more quickly after exercising under dry conditions (4 h) than under humid conditions (between 8 and 24 h). CONCLUSIONS: Stress score and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio seem to be the best HRV predictors of internal load. Although there are no differences in HRV during recovery at the same time points in both conditions, the recovery is slower after exercise in HH than in HD.