ABSTRACT
If artificial intelligence (AI) is to help solve individual, societal and global problems, humans should neither underestimate nor overestimate its trustworthiness. Situated in-between these two extremes is an ideal 'Goldilocks' zone of credibility. But what will keep trust in this zone? We hypothesise that this role ultimately falls to the social cognition mechanisms which adaptively regulate conformity between humans. This novel hypothesis predicts that human-like functional biases in conformity should occur during interactions with AI. We examined multiple tests of this prediction using a collaborative remembering paradigm, where participants viewed household scenes for 30 s vs. 2 min, then saw 2-alternative forced-choice decisions about scene content originating either from AI- or human-sources. We manipulated the credibility of different sources (Experiment 1) and, from a single source, the estimated-likelihood (Experiment 2) and objective accuracy (Experiment 3) of specific decisions. As predicted, each manipulation produced functional biases for AI-sources mirroring those found for human-sources. Participants conformed more to higher credibility sources, and higher-likelihood or more objectively accurate decisions, becoming increasingly sensitive to source accuracy when their own capability was reduced. These findings support the hypothesised role of social cognition in regulating AI's influence, raising important implications and new directions for research on human-AI interaction.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we develop and validate a scale to measure the perceived persuasiveness of messages to be used in digital behavior interventions. A literature review is conducted to inspire the initial scale items. The scale is developed using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the data from a study with 249 ratings of healthy eating messages. The construct validity of the scale is established using ratings of 573 email security messages. Using the data from the two studies, we also show the usefulness of the scale by analyzing the perceived persuasiveness of different message types on the developed scale factors in both the healthy eating and email security domains. The results of our studies also show that the persuasiveness of message types is domain dependent and that when studying the persuasiveness of message types, the finer-grained argumentation schemes need to be considered and not just Cialdini's principles.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To characterize short-term changes induced by pars plana vitrectomy on anterior segment depth and lens thickness by means of high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy. METHODS: We undertook a prospective case series study on consecutive patients referred for pars plana vitrectomy as the sole procedure in our institution between 2005 and 2007. Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy were studied by ultrasound biomicroscopy. Neither silicone oil nor scleral buckle was used for any of the procedures. Anterior chamber depth and lens thickness were compared before and immediately after surgery, and their results were compared to the postoperative intraocular pressure measurements. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in anterior chamber depth in the study eyes of patients who had undergone gas tamponade (p<0.0001) but not in those who had not undergone gas tamponade. No differences were found between the preoperative and the postoperative lens thickness measurements in any of the patients, nor was there any correlation between anterior chamber depth and increased intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade can induce short-term changes in anterior chamber depth as measured by morphometry. Surgeons may need to reconsider using gas tamponade at the end of surgery in surgical candidates with shallow anterior chambers.
