Association of neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios with inflammation and survival in Mexican patients on chronic hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are markers of systemic inflammatory status. The relationship between NLR, PLR, and mortality is controversial among hemodialysis (HD) patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate NLR and PLR in the prediction of mortality in chronic HD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 130 patients with a follow-up for 66 months. Four groups were established according to NLR-PLR values. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used. RESULTS: NLR-PLR correlated positively with C-reactive protein. Cox regression analysis for overall mortality among the four groups included age (HR 1.027, 95% CI 1.003-1.053) and albumin (HR 0.25, 95% CI 0.073-0.85). For cardiovascular (CV) mortality only pulse pressure differential (PPD) was included (HR 1.033; 95% CI 1.014-1.052). Low NLRs and high PLRs were associated with CV mortality (Log Rank test, p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Low NLRs and high PLRs predict the risk of CV mortality among HD patients.

Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients: Pathogenesis, Clinical Characteristics, Therapy, and Mortality.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has represented one of the greatest challenges humanity has faced in recent years. The virus can infect a large number of organs, including the lungs and upper respiratory tract, brain, liver, kidneys, and intestines, among many others. Although the greatest damage occurs in the lungs, the kidneys are not exempt, and acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur in patients with COVID-19. Indeed, AKI is one of the most frequent and serious organic complications of COVID-19. The incidence of COVID-19 AKI varies widely, and the exact mechanisms of how the virus damages the kidney are still unknown. For this reason, the purpose of this review was to assess current findings on the pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and mortality of COVID-19 AKI.

Coexistence of emphysematous cystitis and bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis: a case report and review of the literature.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a necrotizing infection characterized by the production of gas in the renal parenchyma, collecting system or perirenal tissue. Meanwhile, emphysematous cystitis (EC) is a clinical entity characterized by the presence of gas inside and around the bladder wall. Interestingly, although both diseases are common in patients with diabetes mellitus, these are rarely combined. We report a rare case of a 56-year-old diabetic male suffering from fever, headache and vomiting and in which a diagnosis of septic shock was established due to coexistence of EC and bilateral EPN. The emphysematous diseases improved with a conservative treatment approach using antibiotic therapy and glycemic control, we highlight that the nephrectomy was not necessary in our patient despite the fact that he presented risk factors that predict the failure of conservative treatment.

Prevalencia del síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación y su correlación con las hormonas tiroideas en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica / Prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and its correlation with thyroid hormones in chronic haemodialysis patients

Introducción: La reducción de las hormonas tiroideas, triyodotironina total (T3) y triyodotironina libre (T3L) en pacientes en hemodiálisis, es un marcador de malnutrición e inflamación y son predictores de mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación en hemodiálisis y su asociación con las hormonas tiroideas: tirotropina, T3, T3L y tiroxina libre (T4L); además de evaluar la incidencia del síndrome de T3L y su correlación con marcadores nutricionales e inflamatorios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo, incluyó 128 pacientes en HD, 50,8% mujeres, edad 45,05±17,01 años, 45,4±38,8 meses en hemodiálisis, 29,7% diabéticos y 79,7% hipertensos. Se determinó en suero la concentración de tirotropina, T3, T3L y T4L, se aplicó la encuesta Malnutrition-Inflammation Score para diagnosticar malnutrición e inflamación. Resultados: La media de valores de las hormonas tiroideas fueron: tirotropina 2,48±1,8 mUI/mL (rango 0,015-9,5), T3 1,18±0,39ng/mL (0,67-2,64), T3L 5,21±0,96pmol/l (3,47-9,75), T4L 1,35±0,4ng/mL (0,52-2,57). La prevalencia de síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación es 53,9%; un 11,7% mostró T3L baja. Las concentraciones séricas de T3 y T3L correlacionan negativamente con Malnutrition-Inflammation Score y T4L correlaciona positivamente con Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. El análisis de regresión lineal de T3L baja fue asociado con IL-6 (β=0,265 p=0,031), proteína C reactiva (β=-0,313 p=0,018) y albúmina (β=0,276 p=0,002). Conclusiones: Bajos niveles de T3 y T3L correlacionan con parámetros de inflamación y nutrición. El síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación puede afectar la concentración sérica de hormonas tiroideas (AU)

Introduction: Low levels of thyroid hormones, total triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in haemodialysis patients is a marker of malnutrition and inflammation and are predictors of mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis and its relationship with the thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and free thyroxine (FT4), as well as to evaluate the prevalence of low FT3 syndrome and its correlation with nutritional and inflammatory markers. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, analytical and comparative study that enrolled 128 haemodialysis patients: 50.8% females; mean age 45.05±17.01 years; mean time on haemodialysis 45.4±38.8 months; 29.7% diabetics; 79.7% with hypertension. Serum thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and FT4 concentrations were measured and Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was applie to diagnostic. Results: Mean thyroid hormone values were: thyroid hormones thyrotropin 2.48±1.8 mIU/ml (range: 0.015-9.5), T3 1.18±0.39 ng/ml (range 0.67-2.64), FT3 5.21±0.96pmol/l (range: 3.47-9.75); FT4 1.35±0.4 ng/ml (range: 0.52-2.57). Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome prevalence was 53.9%; 11.7% presented low FT3 levels. Serum T3 and FT3 concentrations inversely correlated with Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS), while FT4 correlated positively with Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. In the linear regression analysis, low FT3 was associated with IL-6 (β= 0.265, p=.031), C-reactive protein (CRP) (β= -0.313, p=.018) and albumin (β= 0.276, p=.002). Conclusion: Low T3 and FT3 levels are correlated with malnutrition and inflammation parameters. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome can affect serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (AU)

Prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and its correlation with thyroid hormones in chronic haemodialysis patients. / Prevalencia del síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación y su correlación con las hormonas tiroideas en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Low levels of thyroid hormones, total triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in haemodialysis patients is a marker of malnutrition and inflammation and are predictors of mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis and its relationship with the thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and free thyroxine (FT4), as well as to evaluate the prevalence of low FT3 syndrome and its correlation with nutritional and inflammatory markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytical and comparative study that enrolled 128 haemodialysis patients: 50.8% females; mean age 45.05±17.01 years; mean time on haemodialysis 45.4±38.8 months; 29.7% diabetics; 79.7% with hypertension. Serum thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and FT4 concentrations were measured and Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was applie to diagnostic. RESULTS: Mean thyroid hormone values were: thyroid hormones thyrotropin 2.48±1.8 mIU/ml (range: 0.015-9.5), T3 1.18±0.39 ng/ml (range 0.67-2.64), FT3 5.21±0.96pmol/l (range: 3.47-9.75); FT4 1.35±0.4 ng/ml (range: 0.52-2.57). Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome prevalence was 53.9%; 11.7% presented low FT3 levels. Serum T3 and FT3 concentrations inversely correlated with Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS), while FT4 correlated positively with Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. In the linear regression analysis, low FT3 was associated with IL-6 (ß= 0.265, p=.031), C-reactive protein (CRP) (ß= -0.313, p=.018) and albumin (ß= 0.276, p=.002). CONCLUSION: Low T3 and FT3 levels are correlated with malnutrition and inflammation parameters. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome can affect serum concentrations of thyroid hormones.

Inflamación en hemodiálisis y su correlación con los índices neutrófilos/linfocitos y plaquetas/linfocitos / Inflammation in hemodialysis and their correlation with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet- lymphocyte ratio

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Thyroid disorders among dialysis patients / Alteraciones tiroideas en pacientes en diálisis

The thyroid gland and the kidney are closely related. Thyroid hormones (TH) contribute to the homeostasis of the human being through complex interactions of fluids and electrolytes, protein synthesis, etc. The effects on the kidney of TH may be pre renal or direct actions. Decreasing glomerular filtration (GF) this balance especially in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is altered. CKD is linked to alterations in TH levels and/or metabolism, resulting in a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and low free triiodothyronine (FT3) syndrome. These alterations are linked in micro inflammation, endothelial damage, cardiac abnormalities, and high mortality. In this study, we describe the most common thyroid abnormalities reported in CKD with dialytic stage approach.

La glándula tiroides y el riñón están estrechamente relacionados. Las hormonas tiroideas (HT) contribuyen en la homeostasis del ser humano a través de complejas interacciones de líquidos y electrolitos, síntesis de proteínas, etc. Los efectos de las HT sobre el riñón pueden ser pre-renales o directos. Está demostrado que al disminuir la filtración glomerular (FG) se altera este equilibrio, sobre todo en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). La ERC está vinculada con alteraciones en los niveles de HT y/o su metabolismo, lo que resulta en una alta prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico y el síndrome de T3 libre baja. Estas alteraciones están relacionadas con micro inflamation, daño endotelial, alteraciones cardiacas y alta mortalidad. El presente estudio, describe las alteraciones tiroideas más frecuentes reportadas en ERC con enfoque en la etapa dialítica.

Glomerulopatí del trasplante. Resultados clínicos y seguimiento de casos.

OBJECTIVE: We describe the evolution of graft function in patients with transplant glomerulopathy measure by levels of serum creatinine, proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted in the Regional General Hospital No. 46 IMSS. Included patients with kidney allograft and diagnosis of renal biopsy of transplant glomerulopathy grafting between January 1, 2006 to April 31, 2013 serum creatinine, proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate at diagnosis, 6, 12 and 24 was recorded months. The results are shown with numbers, percentages and standard deviations. RESULTS: 42 patients were included. At 6 months of diagnosis, 14% decline in graft function and 7.1% graft loss. At 12 months, 17.9% graft loss, and at 24 months 36.3% had chronic graft dysfunction and graft loss as return to dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Evolution in our patients seems to be better to other series of cases reported in the literature.

[Epidemiology of glomerular disease in adults: a database review]. / Epidemiología de la enfermedad glomerular en adultos. Revisión de una base de datos.

INTRODUCTION: Glomerular disease is among the top ten leading causes of death in Mexico. AIM: To assess the frequency of glomerulopathy in western Mexico in a Regional Hospital belonging of the Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social. METHODS: Single hospital center retrospective analysis. We reviewed all native kidney biopsies between January 2003 and December 2011, in patients more than 16 years old, to establish clinical features, presentation, and histological report. RESULTS: A total of 163 reports were analyzed; patients with a mean age of 32.6 ± 13.3 years, 55% female, 24% had systemic arterial hypertension, and 10% with a family history of chronic renal failure. The most frequent types of primary glomerulonephritis were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 47% of cases, followed by membranous nephropathy in 15%. The most frequent types of secondary glomerulonephritis were lupus nephritis in 14%, followed by diabetic nephropathy in 4% and amyloidosis in 1.2%. CONCLUSION: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is the most frequent type of glomerulopathy in our population; we observed a minor percentage of Inmunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy compared with worldwide reports. This information is a contribution to the understanding of the prevalence of glomerulopathy in western Mexico.

[Infections due to Kocuria kristinae: case reports of two patients and review of the literature]. / Infecciones asociadas a Kocuria kristinae: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

Kocuria kristinae is a gram-positive coccus of the family of Micrococcaceae. It inhabits the skin and mucous and human oropharynx and some mammals. Clinical cases of proven infections are scarce, affecting patients with indwelling devices and severe underlying diseases. We report two unusual case of a K. kristinae infection in a hemodialysis. First is a case of bacteremia associated with permanent hemodialysis catheter in a 20-year-old female; and second is a case of acute peritonitis in a 68-year-old male patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A review of other reported K. kristinae infections is provided.

[Frequency of peritoneal transport in a population of the Hospital General Regional No. 46, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social]. / Frecuencia de los tipos de transporte peritoneal en la población del Hospital General Regional N.º 46 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

BACKGROUND: The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is a common test used in the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis (PD). AIM: To determine the frequency of presentation of different types of peritoneal transport in patients on PD ranking with Twardowski, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ) and Hospital de Especialidades del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (IMSS-HE, CMNO) and establish themselves. METHODS: Descriptive and transversal study. Included with PET on PD patients between April 2011 to September 2012; any gender, 16 years or older, in DP minimum of 4 weeks. PEP performed standardized bags of 2.5%. RESULTS: Performed 235 PET. We can classify peritoneal transport with Twardowski in high (H) 34%, high average (HA) 37%, low average (LA) 25%, and low (L) 4% peritoneal transport rates. INCMNSZ percentages H was 34%, HA 32%, LA 23%, and L 11%; using the CMNO HE was H 26%, HA 31%, LA 31%, and L 12%. From our data, the percentage of patients with H was 22%, HA 33%, LA 32%, and L13%. CONCLUSION: Classifying patients according to type of transport with Twardowski will under-diagnose the low and overestimate high transport, and can alter survival forecasts.