La ultrabiomicroscopía en la acomodación / The ultrabiomicroscopy during the accommodation

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el comportamiento biométrico de las estructuras oculares que participan en la acomodación. Para estudiar los cambios biométricos de las estructuras del segmento anterior del globo ocular, in vivo y durante la acomodación, hemos elegido el ultrasonido de alta frecuencia. Se estudiaron 75 pacientes divididos en 3 grupos, según su rango etario: grupo 1, de 30 a 45 años; grupo 2, de 46 a 60 años, y grupo 3, de 61 a 70 años. Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran cómo varían la forma y la dimensión de las estructuras del segmento anterior y las relaciones entre sí, permitiendo conocer sus comportamientos en la pérdida de la acomodación de los distintos grupos etarios estudiados. Esta técnica permite una evaluación biométrica, morfológica y funcional del segmento anterior, incluyendo la cápsula posterior del cristalino y los cambios del cuerpo ciliar (que no hemos logrado estudiar con otras técnicas). La ultrabiomicroscopía posibilita la visualización durante la acomodación de las cápsulas anterior y posterior del cristalino, la zónula con sus inserciones en la cápsula ecuatorial y el cuerpo ciliar, y la úvea anterior en relación con el cristalino. Las imágenes ultrasónicas obtenidas representan las estructuras del segmento anterior y sus modificaciones in vivo y en tiempo real durante la acomodación. El ultrasonido ha mostrado ser el método diagnóstico más adecuado para esta investigación.

The aim of this study is to understand the biometric behaviour of the ocular structures involved during accommodation. We chose high-frequency ultrasound to study ocular globe anterior segment structures biometric changes in vivo and during accommodation.This technique allows biometric screening, morphological and functional anterior segment, including the posterior lens capsule and changes of the ciliary body that we have failed to study with other techniques. The ultrabiomicroscopy allows visualization during accommodation of the anterior and posterior capsules of the lens, the zonules with insertions in the equatorial capsule and the ciliary body and anterior uvea relative to the lens. The ultrasound images obtained represent the anterior segment structures and their modifi cations in vivo and in real time during accommodation.We studied 75 patients divided into three groups according to age range: Group 1 from 30 to 45 years, Group 2 of 46-60 years, and Group 3 of 61-70 years.The results obtained show how they vary the shape and size of anterior segment structures and relationships with each other, allowing to know their behavior in the loss of accommodation of different age groups studiedUltrasound has proven to be the most appropriate diagnostic method for this research.

La ultrabiomicroscopía en la acomodación

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el comportamiento biométrico de las estructuras oculares que participan en la acomodación. Para estudiar los cambios biométricos de las estructuras del segmento anterior del globo ocular, in vivo y durante la acomodación, hemos elegido el ultrasonido de alta frecuencia. Se estudiaron 75 pacientes divididos en 3 grupos, según su rango etario: grupo 1, de 30 a 45 años; grupo 2, de 46 a 60 años, y grupo 3, de 61 a 70 años. Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran cómo varían la forma y la dimensión de las estructuras del segmento anterior y las relaciones entre sí, permitiendo conocer sus comportamientos en la pérdida de la acomodación de los distintos grupos etarios estudiados. Esta técnica permite una evaluación biométrica, morfológica y funcional del segmento anterior, incluyendo la cápsula posterior del cristalino y los cambios del cuerpo ciliar (que no hemos logrado estudiar con otras técnicas). La ultrabiomicroscopía posibilita la visualización durante la acomodación de las cápsulas anterior y posterior del cristalino, la zónula con sus inserciones en la cápsula ecuatorial y el cuerpo ciliar, y la úvea anterior en relación con el cristalino. Las imágenes ultrasónicas obtenidas representan las estructuras del segmento anterior y sus modificaciones in vivo y en tiempo real durante la acomodación. El ultrasonido ha mostrado ser el método diagnóstico más adecuado para esta investigación.(AU)

The aim of this study is to understand the biometric behaviour of the ocular structures involved during accommodation. We chose high-frequency ultrasound to study ocular globe anterior segment structures biometric changes in vivo and during accommodation. This technique allows biometric screening, morphological and functional anterior segment, including the posterior lens capsule and changes of the ciliary body that we have failed to study with other techniques. The ultrabiomicroscopy allows visualization during accommodation of the anterior and posterior capsules of the lens, the zonules with insertions in the equatorial capsule and the ciliary body and anterior uvea relative to the lens. The ultrasound images obtained represent the anterior segment structures and their modifi cations in vivo and in real time during accommodation. We studied 75 patients divided into three groups according to age range: Group 1 from 30 to 45 years, Group 2 of 46-60 years, and Group 3 of 61-70 years. The results obtained show how they vary the shape and size of anterior segment structures and relationships with each other, allowing to know their behavior in the loss of accommodation of different age groups studied Ultrasound has proven to be the most appropriate diagnostic method for this research.(AU)

Cholinoreceptor autoantibodies in Sjögren syndrome.

Previous studies have demonstrated that antibodies against cholinoreceptors of exocrine glands correlate with dry mouth in persons with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). The aim of the present investigation was to establish if serum IgG antibodies (pSS IgG) were able to interact with cholinoreceptors in rat submandibular gland-dependent stimulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and PGE(2) production. Our findings indicated that pSS IgG-stimulating M(3), M(4), and M(1) cholinoreceptors exerted an increase in COX-2 mRNA without affecting COX-1 mRNA expression and increased PGE(2) production. Inhibitors of phospholipase A(2), COX- s, L-type calcium channel currents, and Ca(2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum prevented the pSS IgG effect on PGE(2) production. An ionophore of calcium mimicked pSS IgG action, suggesting a crucial role of calcium homeostasis in the cholinoreceptor-stimulated increase in PGE(2) production. Moreover, the amounts of PGE(2) in saliva and in sera from persons with pSS were significantly higher than in pre- or post-menopausal women. These findings illustrate the importance of autoantibodies to cholinoreceptors in the generation of chronic inflammation of target tissues in SS.

Differential signalling pathways involved in cholinoceptor-dependent stimulation of nitric oxide isoforms in dental pulp.

AIM: To investigate the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtype activity in the regulation of endothelial- (e) and neuronal- (n) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and activity. METHODOLOGY: Rat dental pulp tissue was used throughout the study. The e-nos and n-nos mRNA levels were specifically measured using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction procedures that involve simultaneous co-amplification of both target cDNA and a reference template with a single set of primers. NOS activity was measured by the production of [U-(14)C]-citrulline from [U-(14)C]-arginine. RESULTS: Stimulation of M(1)/M(2) and M(3)/M(4) mAChRs with pilocarpine caused an increase in e-nos and n-nos mRNA levels and NOS activity in the dental pulp. The specific mAChR subtype antagonists, L-NMMA, l-NIO and N(2)-propyl-L-arginine but not aminoguanidine attenuated all these effects. Inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium/calmodulin (CaM) prevented the pilocarpine-dependent increase in n-nos and e-nos mRNA levels and NOS activity. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of mAChR subtypes stimulated NOS activity by increasing the production of NO through e-nos and n-nos gene expression and NOS activity. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of CaM and PKC enzymatic activity.

Signaling pathways leading to prostaglandin E(2) production by rat cerebral frontal cortex.

In this paper, we have determined the effect of both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and exogenous prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) on PGE(2) production and cyclooxygenases (COX) mRNA gene expression on rat cerebral frontal cortex. Carbachol and PGE(2) increase endogenous PGE(2) production and the COX-1 mRNA levels by activation of PLA(2)s. The COX-1 and COX-2 activity participated in the production of PGE(2) triggered by exogenous PGE(2). While in carbachol-PGE(2) only COX-1 activity is affected. The specific inhibition of PGE(2) receptor was able to impair the increase of endogenous PGE(2) production triggered by both carbachol and exogenous PGE(2). These results suggest that carbachol-activation mAChR increased PGE(2) production that in turn interacting with its own receptor triggers an additional production of PGE(2). Both mechanisms appear to occur by using PLA(2) signaling system. This data should be able to contribute to understand the involvement of PGE(2) in normal brain function and its participation in neuroinflammatory processes.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in rat urinary bladder detrusor: participation in M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor function.

1. The aim of this paper was to determine the different signalling cascades involved in contraction of the rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle mediated via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic AChR). Contractile responses, phosphoinositides (IPs) accumulation, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and cyclic GMP (cGMP) production were measured to determine the reactions associated with the effect of cholinergic agonist carbachol. The specific muscarinic AChR subtype antagonists and different inhibitors of the enzymatic pathways involved in muscarinic receptor-dependent activation of NOS and cGMP were tested. 2. Carbachol stimulation of M(3) and M(4) muscarinic AChR increased contractility, IPs accumulation, NOS activity and cGMP production. All of these effects were selectively blunted by 4-DAMP and tropicamide, M(3) and M(4) antagonists respectively. 3. The inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase, but not of protein kinase C and endothelial NOS (eNOS), inhibited the carbachol action on detrusor contractility. These inhibitors also attenuated the muscarinic receptor-dependent increase in cGMP and activation of NOS. 4. In addition, sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo-cGMP, induced negative relaxant effect. 5. The results obtained suggest that carbachol activation of M(3) and M(4) muscarinic AChRs, exerts a contractile effect on rat detrusor that is accompanied by an increased production of cGMP and nNOS activity. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of IPs turnover via PLC activation. This in turn, triggers cascade reactions involving CaM, leading to activation of nNOS and soluble guanylate cyclase. They, in turn, exert a modulator inhibitory cGMP-mediated mechanism limiting the effect of muscarinic AChR stimulation of the bladder.

Multicenter study on spreading of the tet(M) gene in tetracycline-resistant Streptococcus group G and C isolates in Argentina.

A prospective multicenter study on invasive infections caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci was performed over 6 months and involved 42 centers from 16 cities in Argentina. Among 33 isolates recovered, 9 group G Streptococcus isolates (39.1%) and 2 group C Streptococcus isolates (20%) exhibited resistance to tetracycline and harbored the tet(M) gene. Genealogical analysis revealed that tetracycline resistance has a polyclonal origin in Argentina.

Development and application of a nonradioactive nucleic acid hybridization system for simultaneous detection of four potato pathogens.

cDNA clones of potato virus X (PVXcp strain), potato virus Y (PVYo strain), potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) were used separately or combined for the detection of the corresponding RNAs in extracts of infected plants. A general method for the rapid preparation of RNA extracts without use of organic solvents (i.e. phenol) was developed for this purpose. Plant extracts from a range of field, artificially inoculated germplasm genotypes, micro-propagated and protoplast samples, as well as vector insect extracts, were dot-blotted onto nylon or nitrocellulose membranes, subjected to sandwich nucleic acid hybridization with non-labelled specific single-stranded DNA probes followed by a biotin-labelled second step hybridization probe. Each probe was virus-specific but not strain-specific. Healthy or non-related plant extracts developed very faint or no signals. Sensitivity was tested by slot-blot hybridization. Detection levels were between 1.5 to 6 pg of viral nucleic acids and between 20 to 50 times more sensitive than standard double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The assay developed was tested with material that was prepared for processing in the field (combination of fresh sap with extraction solution) and tested under simple laboratory conditions for detection. It was also successfully employed for screening of germplasm for virus resistance, detection of pathogens in vector insects, plantlets grown in vitro and in more sophisticated quantitative determinations of viral replication in artificially inoculated plants and protoplasts.

Complete cDNA sequence of a South American isolate of potato virus X.

The complete cDNA sequence corresponding to the genomic RNA of a South American strain of potato virus X (PVXc) is reported. The sequence (6432 nucleotides) contains five open reading frames coding for polypeptides with molecular weights of 165.3, 24.3, 12.3, 7.6 and 25.0 and displays an overall homology of 77.4% with those previously reported for two European isolates. Comparison of amino acid sequences shows an average homology of 87%. Two major domains of variability, located between amino acids 476-615 of ORF 1 and 64-100 of ORF 5, are identified. Sequence similarities between RNA stretches lying upstream of ORFs 2, 4 and 5, and at the 3'-non coding regions of PVX and other plus-strand RNA viruses are described.

Biotinylated nucleic acid hybridization probes for potato virus detection.

cDNA libraries, representative of potato viruses X (PVXc strain) and Y (PVY degrees strain) genomes were obtained. A PVX cDNA cloned fragment was sequenced and biotinylated to be used as hybridization probe for the detection of purified virus or nucleic acid extracts of infected plants. Dot hybridization assay was sensitive to detect 4 ng of viral particles, corresponding to about 200 pg of viral RNA. The level of detection in infected plant extracts was as effective as that obtained with the ELISA. The presence of biotinylated PVY cDNA in the hybridization mixture did not affect sensitivity of the PVX detection assay, suggesting that a single diagnostic assay for several potato viruses and virus-related pathogens could be developed.