ABSTRACT
Introducción: las familias campesinas poseen apoyos sociales en varias dimensiones que proporcionan bienestar familiar. El objetivo fue comprender los apoyos sociales que tienen las familias campesinas del municipio de Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia) para mantener la salud. Método: etnografía interpretativa, muestreo intencional con observación participante y entrevistas etnográficas a siete familias de cinco veredas de la zona rural. Se realizaron 29 visitas familiares entre septiembre de 2017 y noviembre de 2018. Análisis en cuatro fases en espiral propuesto por McFarland y Leininger, con el apoyo del software Atlas ti. Resultados: los soportes sociales que las familias campesinas consideran importantes para mantener su salud se condensan en un patrón de carácter holístico denominado "sobrevivimos gracias a la familia, los vecinos, el trabajo, "Dios", y quienes nos ayudan". Demuestran heterogeneidad y son fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la salud familiar. Conclusiones las redes de apoyo social de las familias campesinas se constituyen como elementos diversos y necesarios para mantener la salud familiar, lo que motiva a los profesionales de la salud a trascender las atenciones enfocadas en el proceso saludenfermedad.
Introduction: peasant families have social supports in various dimensions that provide family well-being. The objective was to understand the social supports to maintain health that peasant families have in the municipality of Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia). Method: interpretive ethnography, intentional sampling with participant observation and ethnographic interviews with seven families from five villages in the rural area. 29 family visits were made from September 2017 to November 2018. Four-phase spiral analysis proposed by McFarland and Leininger, supported by Atlas ti software. Results: the social supports that peasant families consider important to maintain their health are condensed into a holistic pattern called "we survive thanks to family, neighbors, work, God, and those who help us." It expresses heterogeneity and they are essential for the maintenance of family health. Conclusions: the social support networks of rural families are constituted as diverse and necessary elements to maintain family health, which motivates health professionals to transcend care focused on the healthdisease process.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health-Disease Process , Social Support , Rural AreasABSTRACT
Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is considered as one of the most valuable forest tree in the tropics. Clonal propagation of this species provide an alternative method to propagate superior genotypes, being the production of good quality adventitious roots one of the most important steps in micropropagation techniques. The sequence of anatomical changes that takes place during the formation of adventitious roots in shoots of Cedrela odorata cultured in vitro is described in this study. Eigth-week-old shoots, from multiplication cultures, were rooted in Murashige and Skoog's medium (1962) with half-strength macronutrients and with 0 or 1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Between 12 and 24h after the start of rooting, some cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells became dense cytoplasm, nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the first cell divisions were observed, especially in shoots treated with auxin (dedifferentiation phase). After 3-4 days, the number of dedifferentiated cells and mitotic divisions increased considerably, and the formation of groups of some 30-40 meristematic cells (meristemoids) was observed (induction phase). The first primordial roots developed from the 4th-5th day. The vascular tissues of these primordia connected to those of the explant, and roots began to emerge from the base by day 6. Development of the primordial roots was similar in the control shoots and shoots treated with 1 mg/l IBA, although there were more roots per explant in the latter.
Subject(s)
Cedrela/anatomy & histology , Plant Roots/anatomy & histology , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Shoots/anatomy & histology , Cedrela/drug effects , Cedrela/growth & development , Cell Division/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Culture Media , Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Shoots/drug effects , Plant Shoots/growth & development , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is considered as one of the most valuable forest tree in the tropics. Clonal propagation of this species provide an alternative method to propagate superior genotypes, being the production of good quality adventitious roots one of the most important steps in micropropagation techniques. The sequence of anatomical changes that takes place during the formation of adventitious roots in shoots of Cedrela odorata cultured in vitro is described in this study. Eigth-week-old shoots, from multiplication cultures, were rooted in Murashige and Skoog´s medium (1962) with half- strength macronutrients and with 0 or 1mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Between 12 and 24h after the start of rooting, some cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells became dense cytoplasm, nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the first cell divisions were observed, especially in shoots treated with auxin (dedifferentiation phase). After 3-4 days, the number of dedifferentiated cells and mitotic divisions increased considerably, and the formation of groups of some 30-40 meristematic cells (meristemoids) was observed (induction phase). The first primordial roots developed from the 4th-5th day. The vascular tissues of these primordia connected to those of the explant, and roots began to emerge from the base by day 6. Development of the primordial roots was similar in the control shoots and shoots treated with 1mg/l IBA, although there were more roots per explant in the latter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 447-453. Epub 2011 March 01.
Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) es una especie tropical de gran valor económico. La propagación in vitro de esta especie ofrece una vía alternativa para la clonación de genotipos superiores, siendo la formación de un buen sistema radical uno de los pasos claves en la micropropagación. En este trabajo analizamos la secuencia de cambios anatómicos que tienen lugar durante la formación de raíces adventicias en microestaquillas de Cedrela odorata. Para el enraizamiento se utilizó el medio MS con los macronutrientes reducidos a la mitad, suplementado con AIB 0 ó 1mg/l. A partir de las 12-24 horas del comienzo del enraizamiento, se observaron los primeros cambios en las células del cambium, del floema y del parénquima interfascicular (fase de diferenciación). Después de 3-4 días, aparecen grupos de células meristemáticas (fase de inducción). Los primordios se desarrollan después de 4-5 días, siendo visibles al exterior a partir del sexto día (fase de emergencia). El desarrollo de las raíces fue similar en ambos tratamientos, pero la presencia de AIB aumenta el número de raíces.
