Oxidative Fast Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene on a Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor.

The oxidative fast pyrolysis of plastics was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor with a fountain confiner and draft tube. An inexpensive fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) spent catalyst was proposed for in situ catalytic cracking in order to narrow the product distribution obtained in thermal pyrolysis. Suitable equivalence ratio (ER) values required to attain autothermal operation were assessed in this study, i.e., 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2. The experiments were carried out in continuous regime at 550 °C and using a space-time of 15 gcatalyst min gHDPE -1. The influence of an oxygen presence in the pyrolysis reactor was analyzed in detail, with special focus on product yields and their compositions. Operation under oxidative pyrolysis conditions remarkably improved the FCC catalyst performance, as it enhanced the production of gaseous products, especially light olefins, whose yields increased from 18% under conventional pyrolysis (ER = 0) to 30% under oxidative conditions (ER = 0.1 and 0.2). Thus, conventional catalytic pyrolysis led mainly to the gasoline fraction, whereas light olefins were the prevailing products in oxidative pyrolysis. Moreover, the oxygen presence in the pyrolysis reactor contributed to reducing the heavy oil fraction yield by 46%. The proposed strategy is of great relevance for the development of this process, given that, on one hand, oxygen cofeeding allows solving the heat supply to the reactor, and on the other hand, product distribution and reactor throughput are improved.

Conversion of HDPE into Value Products by Fast Pyrolysis Using FCC Spent Catalysts in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor.

Continuous catalytic cracking of polyethylene over a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) with fountain confiner and draft tube. The effect of temperature (475-600 °C) and space-time (7-45 gcat min gHDPE -1 ) on product distribution was analyzed. The CSBR allows operating with continuous plastic feed without defluidization problems and is especially suitable for catalytic pyrolysis with high catalyst efficiency. Thus, high catalyst activity was observed, with waxes yield being negligible above 550 °C. The main product fraction obtained in the catalytic cracking was made up of C5 -C11 hydrocarbons, with olefins being the main components. However, its yield decreased as temperature and residence time were increased, which was due to reactions involving cracking, hydrogen transfer, cyclization, and aromatization, leading to light hydrocarbons, paraffins, and aromatics. The proposed strategy is of great environmental relevance, as plastics are recycled using an industrial waste (spent FCC catalyst).

Algorithmic Probability-Guided Machine Learning on Non-Differentiable Spaces.

We show how complexity theory can be introduced in machine learning to help bring together apparently disparate areas of current research. We show that this model-driven approach may require less training data and can potentially be more generalizable as it shows greater resilience to random attacks. In an algorithmic space the order of its element is given by its algorithmic probability, which arises naturally from computable processes. We investigate the shape of a discrete algorithmic space when performing regression or classification using a loss function parametrized by algorithmic complexity, demonstrating that the property of differentiation is not required to achieve results similar to those obtained using differentiable programming approaches such as deep learning. In doing so we use examples which enable the two approaches to be compared (small, given the computational power required for estimations of algorithmic complexity). We find and report that 1) machine learning can successfully be performed on a non-smooth surface using algorithmic complexity; 2) that solutions can be found using an algorithmic-probability classifier, establishing a bridge between a fundamentally discrete theory of computability and a fundamentally continuous mathematical theory of optimization methods; 3) a formulation of an algorithmically directed search technique in non-smooth manifolds can be defined and conducted; 4) exploitation techniques and numerical methods for algorithmic search to navigate these discrete non-differentiable spaces can be performed; in application of the (a) identification of generative rules from data observations; (b) solutions to image classification problems more resilient against pixel attacks compared to neural networks; (c) identification of equation parameters from a small data-set in the presence of noise in continuous ODE system problem, (d) classification of Boolean NK networks by (1) network topology, (2) underlying Boolean function, and (3) number of incoming edges.

Recovery Medication from Free Text to a Structured Form.

We studied methods to convert medical prescriptions in free text to a structured form for pharmacy insructions and planning nursing activities in hospitalized patients. We compared Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Parsing Process (PP), both for the Spanish language. We studied 87,750 and processed 65,000 prescriptions and recovered 62% and 65% with NLP and PP to a structured format respectively. The difference between the methods is significant (p < 0.001) and further work is needed to determine if combining them will have higher performance.

Interrelación entre enfisema y disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda: nuestra experiencia en el Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba / Interrelation between emphysema and diastolic dysfunction left ventricular: our experience in the Hospital Private Medical Center of Córdoba

Introducción: Las consecuencias hemodinámicas de la hiperinflación y el enfisema se producen por compresión cardíaca debido a elevadas presiones intratorácicas, lo que produciría disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda subclínica. Nuestro objetivo es correlacionar el porcentaje de enfisema con parámetros de función pulmonar y con el tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas, función sistólica ventricular global y función diastólica ventricular izquierda, en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Materiales y Métodos: participaron pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica moderada y severa asistidos en un Servicio de Neumonología del Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba, desde el 01 de enero al 31 de octubre de 2014. Se cuantificó el volumen y porcentaje de enfisema por tomografía computada de alta resolución, se realizaron espirometría, prueba de marcha de seis minutos, determinación de volúmenes pulmonares y ecocardiograma Doppler color. Resultados: Se encontró correlación negativa y significativa del porcentaje de enfisema con el porcentaje del valor teórico del VEF1 postbroncodilatador (p = 0.005) y el cociente VEF1/CVF postbroncodilatador (p = 0.004) y; además, entre el cociente VEF1/CVF postbroncodilatador y el volumen del enfisema en cm3 (p = 0.000). De un subgrupo de 20 pacientes. Siete pacientes (35%) presentaron diagnóstico de disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda de grado I. Se encontraron correlaciones negativas pero no significativas entre el porcentaje de enfisema con función sistólica ventricular global y el tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas. Conclusiones: Se destaca la utilidad del ecocardiograma para reducir el sub diagnóstico de disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda. Se destaca la importancia que tendrían la hiperinflación y el enfisema en el deterioro del patrón de llenado diastólico ventricular izquierdo y en la reducción del tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas con disminución en la tolerancia al ejercicio.

Interrelationship between Emphysema and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: our experience in the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba

Introduction: The hemodynamic consequences of hyperinflation and emphysema are produced by cardiac compression due to high intrathoracic pressures, which could produce subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Our purpose is to correlate the percentage of emphysema with lung function parameters and cardiac chamber sizes, the global ventricular systolic function and the left ventricular diastolic function, in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and Methods: The participants were patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the Pulmonology Service of the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba from January 1st to October 13th, 2014. We quantified the volume and percentage of emphysema by high resolution computed tomography and carried out a spirometry, a Six Minute Walk Test, measurement of pulmonary volumes and color Doppler echocardiography. Results: We found a significant negative correlation between the percentage of emphysema and the percentage of the post-bronchodilator FEV1 theoretical value (p = 0.005) and the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second/Forced Vital Capacity) quotient (p = 0.004), and, also, between the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC quotient and the emphysema volume in cm3 (p = 0.000). Out of a sub-group of 20 patients, seven patients (35%) were diagnosed with grade I left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We found negative, but not significant correlations between the percentage of emphysema and global ventricular systolic function and cardiac chamber sizes. Conclusions: We should emphasize the usefulness of the echocardiography in reducing sub-diagnoses of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We should also stress on the importance hyperinflation and emphysema would have in the impairment of the left ventricular diastolic filling pattern and in the decrease in cardiac chamber sizes, with a decrease in exercise tolerance.

Algorithmically probable mutations reproduce aspects of evolution, such as convergence rate, genetic memory and modularity.

Natural selection explains how life has evolved over millions of years from more primitive forms. The speed at which this happens, however, has sometimes defied formal explanations when based on random (uniformly distributed) mutations. Here, we investigate the application of a simplicity bias based on a natural but algorithmic distribution of mutations (no recombination) in various examples, particularly binary matrices, in order to compare evolutionary convergence rates. Results both on synthetic and on small biological examples indicate an accelerated rate when mutations are not statistically uniform but algorithmically uniform. We show that algorithmic distributions can evolve modularity and genetic memory by preservation of structures when they first occur sometimes leading to an accelerated production of diversity but also to population extinctions, possibly explaining naturally occurring phenomena such as diversity explosions (e.g. the Cambrian) and massive extinctions (e.g. the End Triassic) whose causes are currently a cause for debate. The natural approach introduced here appears to be a better approximation to biological evolution than models based exclusively upon random uniform mutations, and it also approaches a formal version of open-ended evolution based on previous formal results. These results validate some suggestions in the direction that computation may be an equally important driver of evolution. We also show that inducing the method on problems of optimization, such as genetic algorithms, has the potential to accelerate convergence of artificial evolutionary algorithms.

Undecidability and Irreducibility Conditions for Open-Ended Evolution and Emergence.

Is undecidability a requirement for open-ended evolution (OEE)? Using methods derived from algorithmic complexity theory, we propose robust computational definitions of open-ended evolution and the adaptability of computable dynamical systems. Within this framework, we show that decidability imposes absolute limits on the stable growth of complexity in computable dynamical systems. Conversely, systems that exhibit (strong) open-ended evolution must be undecidable, establishing undecidability as a requirement for such systems. Complexity is assessed in terms of three measures: sophistication, coarse sophistication, and busy beaver logical depth. These three complexity measures assign low complexity values to random (incompressible) objects. As time grows, the stated complexity measures allow for the existence of complex states during the evolution of a computable dynamical system. We show, however, that finding these states involves undecidable computations. We conjecture that for similar complexity measures that assign low complexity values, decidability imposes comparable limits on the stable growth of complexity, and that such behavior is necessary for nontrivial evolutionary systems. We show that the undecidability of adapted states imposes novel and unpredictable behavior on the individuals or populations being modeled. Such behavior is irreducible. Finally, we offer an example of a system, first proposed by Chaitin, that exhibits strong OEE.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Fontan-Kreutzer Completion of Hepatic Vein Inclusion.

We report the case of an 11-year-old girl with heterotaxy syndrome, dextrocardia, and azygos continuation of an interrupted inferior vena cava who had developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas after a Kawashima procedure consisting of bilateral superior cavopulmonary anastomoses. She presented with profound cyanosis, fatigue, and failure to thrive. An operative procedure to direct hepatic vein effluent to the pulmonary circulation was performed with placement of an extracardiac conduit between the hepatic veins and the left pulmonary artery. Persistence of cyanosis led to investigation, which led to the discovery of an unintentionally excluded right hepatic vein. A percutaneous transhepatic catheter intervention was performed in which a vascular plug was implanted to occlude the "missed" right hepatic vein, redirecting the flow through intrahepatic venovenous channels to the conduit. Clinical condition and arterial oxygen saturation were substantially improved one year after the two-step hepatic vein inclusion procedure.

A Decomposition Method for Global Evaluation of Shannon Entropy and Local Estimations of Algorithmic Complexity.

We investigate the properties of a Block Decomposition Method (BDM), which extends the power of a Coding Theorem Method (CTM) that approximates local estimations of algorithmic complexity based on Solomonoff-Levin's theory of algorithmic probability providing a closer connection to algorithmic complexity than previous attempts based on statistical regularities such as popular lossless compression schemes. The strategy behind BDM is to find small computer programs that produce the components of a larger, decomposed object. The set of short computer programs can then be artfully arranged in sequence so as to produce the original object. We show that the method provides efficient estimations of algorithmic complexity but that it performs like Shannon entropy when it loses accuracy. We estimate errors and study the behaviour of BDM for different boundary conditions, all of which are compared and assessed in detail. The measure may be adapted for use with more multi-dimensional objects than strings, objects such as arrays and tensors. To test the measure we demonstrate the power of CTM on low algorithmic-randomness objects that are assigned maximal entropy (e.g., π ) but whose numerical approximations are closer to the theoretical low algorithmic-randomness expectation. We also test the measure on larger objects including dual, isomorphic and cospectral graphs for which we know that algorithmic randomness is low. We also release implementations of the methods in most major programming languages-Wolfram Language (Mathematica), Matlab, R, Perl, Python, Pascal, C++, and Haskell-and an online algorithmic complexity calculator.

Ligadura de arterias hipogástricas en hemorragia postparto severa / Hypogastric artery ligation in severe post-partum haemorrhage

Introducción: la hemorragia posparto severa ha presentado un incremento en los últimos años, hecho relacionado con el aumento de inducciones del parto y, principalmente, con el incremento en la tasa de cesáreas; siendo una de las complicaciones más graves del parto con una significativa morbimortalidad materna. Las causas más frecuentes se relacionan con la sobredistensión uterina, corioamnionitis, inercia uterina, acretismo placentario y ruptura uterina. El manejo es secuencial y dinámico, desde el masaje uterino, el arsenal farmacológico con úterotónicos, seguido de procedimientos más invasivos como la revisión dígito instrumental, laparotomía con ligadura o la embolización de las arterias uterinas, suturas uterinas compresivas, ligadura de arterias hipogástricas, y finalmente histerectomía. Objetivo: describir las características generales y los resultados postoperatorios de una serie de casos de mujeres con hemorragia postparto sometidas a ligadura bilateral de las arterias hipogástricas. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal que se realizó en 27 mujeres que presentaron hemorragia postparto severa primaria, refractaria a la terapia convencional y a quienes se les realizó ligadura bilateral de las arterias hipogástricas, en la Clínica La Sagrada Familia, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia, Suramérica, entre 2009 y 2014. Resultados: la edad promedio de las pacientes fue de 21,9 ±; 7,2 años; la edad gestacional fue 36,3 ±; 4,8 semanas, el sangrado preoperatorio fue 2 700 ±; 600 ml y el tiempo quirúrgico fue 21,6 ±; 9,3 minutos. En el 88,9 % de los casos en que se logró resolver el problema de la hemorragia, la evolución postoperatoria de las pacientes fue favorable. La media de estancia hospitalaria varió entre tres y seis días. La demora en la realización de la ligadura, por encima de las tres horas, determinó un mayor tiempo quirúrgico. No se presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias o postoperatorias. Conclusiones: la ligadura bilateral de las arterias hipogástricas es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro para controlar la hemorragia posparto severa, debiendo ser considerada en las mujeres que no responden a otras modalidades de tratamiento.

Introduction: severe postpartum hemorrhage has shown an increase in recent years, a fact related to the increase of labor inductions and especially with the increase in the rate of caesarean sections; being one of the most serious complications of childbirth with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. The most common causes are related to uterine distension, chorioamnionitis, uterine inertia, placenta accreta and uterine rupture. The operation is sequential and dynamic, from uterine massage, pharmacological arsenal with uterine tonics, followed by more invasive procedures such as digit revision instrumental, laparotomy with ligation or embolization of the uterine arteries, uterine sutures compression, ligation of hypogastric arteries, and finally hysterectomy. Objective: to describe the general characteristics and postoperative results of a series of cases of women with postpartum hemorrhage under bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arteries. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 27 women who had primary severe postpartum hemorrhage, refractory to conventional therapy, and who underwent bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arteries in the Clinica La Sagrada Familia, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia, South America, between 2009 and 2014. Results: the average age of the patients was 21.9 years (SD ±; 7.2), gestational age was 36.3 weeks (SD ±; 4.8), preoperative blood loss was 2700 ml (SD ±; 600), operative time was 21.6 minutes (±; 9.3 minutes). In 24 of the 27 cases in which the technique was performed, it was possible to solve the problem of bleeding. The postoperative course of patients was favorable. The mean hospital stay varies between 3 and 6 days. The delay in performing ligation, over three hours, was a predictor of increased surgical time in these patients. Intraoperative or postoperative complications were not presented. Conclusions: bilateral hypogastric artery ligation is an effective and safe for severe postpartum hemorrhage control procedure that does not compromise the future reproductive capacity.

Embarazo ectópico cornual, Reporte de tres casos / Cornual ectopic pregnancy. Report of three cases

El embarazo ectópico es la implantación del óvulo fecundado fuera de la cavidad uterina; su localización principal son en la trompa. Las formas no tubáricas incluyen:el embarazo cornual, el embarazo ovárico, el embarazo abdominal, el embarazo cervical,el embarazo intraligamentario y el embarazo en cuerno uterino rudimentario. Se describen tres casos de embarazo ectópico cornual. Se realizó el manejo quirúrgico,con la resección en cuña del trofoblasto por vía laparotomía, sin necesidad de recurrira la histerectomía, correlacionando la histopatología el diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico cornual. La evolución postquirúrgica fue satisfactoria en las tres pacientes...

Anemia en el embarazo, un problema de salud que puede prevenirse / Anemia in pregnancy, a health problem can prevented

Introducción: la anemia es el trastorno nutricional más frecuente en el mundo, y debido a que en el embarazo existe una gran demanda de hierro, se constituye en un importante riesgo de desarrollar anemia ferropénica. La anemia es la alteración hematológica más diagnosticada durante la gestación, por lo que todas las gestantes están en riesgo de padecer anemia en el embarazo, siendo más frecuente en países subdesarrollados. Es referida como un proceso dilucional secundario al aumento del volumen plasmático que ocurre durante el embarazo. Estudios clínicos revelaron que la anemia en el embarazo se asocia con complicaciones en la madre, en el feto y el recién nacido, relacionándose con mayor morbimortalidad fetal y perinatal, de ahí la importancia de un adecuado control prenatal con la suplementación de hierro necesaria para proveer las crecientes demandas en esta de la mujer. Objetivo: conocer la fisiopatología y establecer los criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento de las eventuales complicaciones de la anemia en las mujeres embarazadas, así como la evidencia que existe sobre la importancia de su tratamiento durante el control prenatal. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Ovid, Elsevier, Interscience, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO. Resultados: se revisaron series de casos o descriptivos, todos los que mostraran un número estadísticamente significativo de pacientes. Conclusiones: la anemia en el embarazo es un síndrome frecuente, que con un adecuado control prenatal puede prevenirse, diagnosticarse y tratarse antes de que muestre complicaciones. Se hace necesario aumentar la cobertura de la atención prenatal en todas las embarazadas; y es obligatorio que el personal sanitario haga un adecuado control y una óptima prescripción del hierro profiláctico en este grupo poblacional...

Introduction: anemia is the most common nutritional disorder in the world, and because during pregnancy there is a great demand for iron, constitutes a significant risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is the most commonly diagnosed blood disorder during pregnancy, so that all pregnant women are at risk for anemia in pregnancy, being more frequent in developing countries. It is referred to as a secondary dilutional process to increase in plasma volume that occurs during pregnancy. Clinical studies showed that anemia in pregnancy is associated with complications in the mother, fetus and newborn, relating to increased fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, hence the importance of proper prenatal supplementation with iron needed to provide increasing demands on this woman. Objective: understand the pathophysiology and establish the criteria for diagnosis and treatment of any complications of anemia in pregnant women, and there is evidence of the importance of their treatment during the prenatal control. Methodology: a literature search in the electronic databases PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier, Interscience, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO was performed. Results: case series or descriptive reviewed, all that showed a statistically significant number of patients. Conclusions: anemia in pregnancy is a common syndrome that with proper prenatal care can be prevented, diagnosed and treated before complications show. It is necessary to increase the coverage of prenatal care for all pregnant, and is mandatory for health professionals to make appropriate control and optimal prescription of prophylactic iron in this population group...

[Pulmonary embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty]. / Embolismo pulmonar de cemento posterior a vertebroplastia percutanea.

Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Within its complications is pulmonary embolism, which can be asymptomatic or with respiratory distress and may be notes by radiography or computed tomography. At present there is no guide to indicate the routine performance of imaging techniques after treatment, and all agreed on the need to start anticoagulant therapy for 3 months or so with coumarin in symptomatic or asymptomatic central emboli.

La vertebroplastia representa una técnica mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento de las fracturas osteoporóticas. Dentro de sus complicaciones se encuentra el embolismo pulmonar, el cuál puede cursar asintomático o con dificultad respiratoria, pudiendo ser constatado mediante radiografía o tomografía computada. En la actualidad no existen guías que indiquen la realización rutinaria de técnicas de imágenes posteriores a la vertebroplastia y en todas se acuerda en la necesidad de comenzar tratamiento anticoagulante por lo menos 3 meses aproximadamente con cumarínicos, en embolias sintomáticas o asintomáticas centrales .

Embolismo pulmonar de cemento posterior a vertebroplastia percutanea / [Pulmonary embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty].

Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Within its complications is pulmonary embolism, which can be asymptomatic or with respiratory distress and may be notes by radiography or computed tomography. At present there is no guide to indicate the routine performance of imaging techniques after treatment, and all agreed on the need to start anticoagulant therapy for 3 months or so with coumarin in symptomatic or asymptomatic central emboli.

Embolismo pulmonar de cemento posterior a vertebroplastia percutanea. / [Pulmonary embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty].

Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Within its complications is pulmonary embolism, which can be asymptomatic or with respiratory distress and may be notes by radiography or computed tomography. At present there is no guide to indicate the routine performance of imaging techniques after treatment, and all agreed on the need to start anticoagulant therapy for 3 months or so with coumarin in symptomatic or asymptomatic central emboli.

[26 year-old male patient with bone marrow transplantation. Report of a partial autopsy]. / Paciente de 26 años trasplantado de médula ósea. Reporte de autopsia parcial.

26 year-old male patient with diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 2006, who underwent chemotherapy and suffered a relapse and pulmonary aspergillosis as a complication. In 2009, he received bone marrow transplant. After it, he developed cutaneous and intestinal graft versus host disease (GVH). He was admitted for diarrhea. Then he presented grade IV dyspnea, patchy alveolar infiltrates on chest computed tomography and pancytopenia with impaired renal function as laboratory findings. He entered Intensive Care Unit, dying 7 days later. The oncologist who discussed the case defined this patient as a high risk case because of type of transplant received, relapse and complications. His diagnostic hypotheses were: CMV infection, pulmonary aspergillosis reactivation, chronic GVH, Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, mycobacteriosis and pseudomembranous colitis. Partial autopsy revealed diffuse intra-alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse alveolar damage, right pulmonary infarction with microthrombosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.

Use of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism after subtotal parathyroidectomy.

We evaluated the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) as a therapeutic option for recurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism after subtotal parathyroidectomy in ESRD patients. Six patients underwent PEIT. A mean of 1.3 ± 0.8 ethanol injections was performed. Nodular volume was 1.5 ± 1.7 cm(3), and 2.8 ± 2.8 cm(3) of ethanol was injected per patient. After ethanol injection PTH decreased significantly (1897 ± 754 to 549 ± 863 pg/mL (P < .01)). There was also a reduction in serum calcium, phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product. A positive and significant correlation was found between nodular volume with ethanol injected and time from parathyroidectomy. Only one patient required hospitalization due to severe hypocalcaemia. In other two cases, local discomfort and temporary mild dysphonia were registered. PEIT is an effective treatment to control recurrences of secondary hyperparathyroidism postsubtotal parathyroidectomy.