Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Mexican version of the kidney disease questionnaire KDQOL-SF36 version 1.3.

PURPOSE: To translate the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form 36 (KDQOL-SF36) v1.3 questionnaire into the Spanish language, adapt it culturally, and validate it in the Mexican population. METHODS: The translation and transcultural adaptation were performed according to the recommendations of RAND Health (translation/pilot test/back-translation). We used coefficient alpha to determine the internal consistency, intra- and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to determine the test-retest reliability, and Pearson correlation coefficients to confirm the construct validity. RESULTS: The questionnaires were applied to 194 Mexican on haemodialysis. In total, 37.6 % lived in the northern region of Mexico, 28.9 % lived in the southern region, and 33.5 % lived in the central region. The average age was 54 ± 16 years, and 54.6 % were male. The intra- and interobserver ICCs were ≥0.7 for most dimensions evaluated (range 0.5-0.9). The internal consistency was acceptable, with coefficient alpha values ≥0.7 for 12 of the 18 dimensions (range 0.4-0.9). The construct validity was acceptable, especially in the generic component SF36, with correlation coefficients >0.5 for most dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric testing indicated that the Mexican version of the KDQOL-SF36 provided valid and reliable scores that were similar to the results obtained with the original English version.

The effect of the anabolic steroid, nandrolone, in conditioned place preference and D1 dopamine receptor expression in adolescent and adult mice.

Adolescents and adults engage in anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) misuse seeking their anabolic effects, even though later on, many could develop neuropsychological dependence. Previously, we have shown that nandrolone induces conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult male mice. However, whether nandrolone induces CPP during adolescence remains unknown. In this study, the CPP test was used to determine the rewarding properties of nandrolone (7.5 mg/kg) in adolescent mice. In addition, since D1 dopamine receptors (D1DR) are critical for reward-related processes, the effect of nandrolone on the expression of D1DR in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was investigated by Western blot analysis. Similar to our previous results, nandrolone induced CPP in adults. However, in adolescents, nandrolone failed to produce place preference. At the molecular level, nandrolone decreased D1DR expression in the NAc only in adult mice. Our data suggest that nandrolone may not be rewarding in adolescents at least during short-term use. The lack of nandrolone rewarding effects in adolescents may be due, in part to differences in D1DR expression during development.