Short-term outcomes of aortic valve neocuspidization for various aortic valve diseases.

Objectives: Bioprosthetic valve deterioration remains a major limitation following aortic valve replacement. Favorable results have been reported with an autologous pericardium aortic valve neocuspidization. Methods: Seventy patients (31 women and 39 men) (mean age, 62 ± 12 years) with aortic stenosis (n = 52 [74%]) or aortic regurgitation (n = 18 [26%]) underwent the aortic valve neocuspidization procedure. Thirty-four patients (49%) had a tricuspid valve, 35 (50%) had a bicuspid valve, and 1 (1%) had a monocuspid valve. European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation and Society of Thoracic Surgeons scores were, respectively, 2.2% ± 2% and 2.0% ± 1.8%. Four patients (6%) had active endocarditis and 2 (3%) had endocarditis sequelae. One patient (1%) had fibroelastoma. A combined procedure was performed in 33 patients (46%). Results: The follow-up period was 24 ± 12 months. One patient (1%) died in hospital and 1 patient (1%) underwent conventional valve replacement for significant aortic regurgitation. Postoperative peak and mean pressure gradients were respectively 14 ± 5 and 8 ± 3 mm Hg. Aortic valve area was 2.5 ± 0.6 cm2. During follow-up, no patients died. Reintervention occurred in 2 patients (3%). At last follow-up, peak pressure gradient was 13 ± 7 mm Hg, mean pressure gradient was 7 ± 4 mm Hg, and aortic valve area was 2.3 ± 0.7 cm2. There was 1 recurrence of moderate aortic stenosis (1%). All patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I (90%) or II (10%). Freedom from major valve-related events was 92.1%, (98.5% for death, 95.2% for reintervention, and 95.2% for endocarditis). Conclusions: In our experience, the midterm outcomes of the aortic valve neocuspidization procedure with autologous glutaraldehyde fixed pericardium were acceptable for survival, operative risk and valve-related complications, for our all-comer patient population with various aortic valve diseases.

Giant coronary aneurysms producing chest pain.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) are defined as localized coronary artery dilations more than 1.5 times the diameter of the adjacent segments [1]. Giant coronary aneurysms (GCAA) are unusual and aneurysms on the left side are even rarer. Mechanisms are unclear, but seem predominated by atherosclerosis. Until now, management of giant coronary aneurysm is still unclear. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old man, presented a 4-month history of progressive chest pain aggravated by physical CAAs: 3 on the right coronary artery (RCA), including a giant one, and one on the intermediate branch. Intraoperatively, we found two proximal RCA CAAs of 2 cm each, a 6 cm distal RCA CAA partially thrombosed, and a 3 cm CAA on the intermediate branch. The two largest CAAs were resected and two saphenous graft bypasses were performed. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment options include medical treatment (antiaggregation, anticoagulation), percutaneous coronary angioplasty and surgery. Results of observational or conservative management in the few cases of GCAA described in literature, appear to have poor results. Surgery is a good option with low operative risk, especially in giant coronary aneurysms.

Improvement in perioperative care in pediatric cardiac surgery by shifting the primary focus of treatment from cardiac output to perfusion pressure: Are beta stimulants still needed?

OBJECTIVE: An important aspect of perioperative care in pediatric cardiac surgery is maintenance of optimal hemodynamic status using vasoactive/inotropic agents. Conventionally, this has focused on maintenance of cardiac output rather than perfusion pressure. However, this approach has been abandoned in our center in favor of one focusing primarily on perfusion pressure, which is presented here and compared to the conventional approach. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: Regional center for congenital heart disease. University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland. PATIENTS: All patients with Aristotle risk score ≥8 that underwent surgery from 1996 to 2012 were included. Patients operated between 1996 and 2005 (Group 1: 206 patients) were treated according to the conventional approach. Patients operated between 2006 and 2012 (Group 2: 217 patients) were treated according to our new approach. INTERVENTIONS: All patients had undergone surgery for correction or palliation of congenital cardiac defects. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Mortality, duration of ventilation and inotropic treatment, use of ECMO, and complications of poor peripheral perfusion (need for hemofiltration, laparotomy for enterocolitis, amputation). RESULTS: The two groups were similar in age and complexity. Mortality was lower in group 2 (7.3% in group 1 vs 1.4% in group 2, P < .005). Ventilation times (hours) and number of days on inotropic/vasoactive treatment (all agents), expressed as median and interquartile range [Q1-Q3] were shorter in group 2: 69 [24-163] hours in group 1 vs 35 [22-120] hours in group 2 (P < .01) for ventilation, and 9 [3-5] days in group 1 vs 7 [2-5] days in group 2 (P < .05) for inotropic/vasoactive agents. There were no differences in ECMO usage or complications of peripheral perfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Results in pediatric cardiac surgery may be improved by shifting the primary focus of perioperative care from cardiac output to perfusion pressure.

[Influence of sex on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis]. / Influencia del sexo en el pronóstico perioperatorio de pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular por estenosis aórtica severa.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The influence of sex on the prognosis of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for severe stenosis is unclear. Nevertheless, a number of studies have regarded sex as an independent risk factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 577 consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve replacement surgery for severe aortic stenosis between 1996 and April 2007. RESULTS: Women (44% of patients) were older than men (70.3+/-7.9 years vs. 66.8+/-9.8 years; P< .001), had a smaller body surface area (1.68+/-0.15 m(2) vs. 1.83+/-0.16 m(2); P< .001), more often had arterial hypertension (73% vs. 49%; P< .001), diabetes mellitus (33.5% vs. 24.5%; P=.001) and ventricular hypertrophy (89.1% vs. 83.1%; P< .001), and less often had coronary artery disease (19.1% vs. 31.8%; P< .001) and severe ventricular dysfunction (7.9% vs. 17.4%; P< .001). Nevertheless, women more often suffered acute myocardial infarction perioperatively (3.9% vs. 0.9%; P=.016), had a low cardiac output in the postoperative period (30.3% vs. 22.3%; P=.016) and experienced greater perioperative mortality (13% vs. 7.4%; P=.019) than men. However, after adjustment for various confounding factors, female sex was not a significant independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio = 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-7.26; P=.119). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative mortality in women with severe aortic stenosis who underwent valve replacement was high. However, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, particularly body surface area, female sex was not an independent risk factor for mortality.

Influencia del sexo en el pronóstico perioperatorio de pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular por estenosis aórtica severa / Influence of sex on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis

Introducción y objetivos. La influencia pronóstica del sexo de los pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular aórtica por estenosis severa tiene un papel controvertido, y algunos estudios le atribuyen un papel relevante como marcador de riesgo independiente. El objetivo del estudio es valorar la influencia pronóstica perioperatoria del sexo de los pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular por estenosis aórtica severa. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizó una cohorte de 577 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de reemplazo valvular aórtico por estenosis aórtica entre 1996 y abril de 2007. Resultados. Las mujeres (44%) tenían mayor edad (70,3 ± 7,9 frente a 66,8 ± 9,8 años; p < 0,001), menos superficie corporal (1,68 ± 0,15 frente a 1,83 ± 0,16 m2; p < 0,001), más hipertensión arterial (el 73 frente al 49%; p < 0,001), diabetes mellitus (el 33,5 frente al 24,5%; p = 0,001) e hipertrofia ventricular (el 89,1 frente al 83,1%; p < 0,001), menos enfermedad coronaria (el 19,1 frente al 31,8%; p < 0,001) y menos disfunción ventricular severa (el 7,9 frente al 17,4%; p < 0,001). A pesar de esto, las mujeres tuvieron más infarto agudo de miocardio perioperatorio (el 3,9 frente al 0,9%; p = 0,016), bajo gasto en el postoperatorio (el 30,3 frente al 22,3%; p = 0,016) y mortalidad perioperatoria que los varones (el 13 frente al 7,4%; p = 0,019). El sexo femenino no se mostró, al ajustar por los diferentes factores de confusión, como factor independiente relacionado con la mortalidad (odds ratio = 2,4; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,79-7,26; p = 0,119). Conclusiones. La mortalidad perioperatoria de las mujeres con estenosis aórtica severa sometidas a sustitución valvular es alta. Al ajustar por potenciales factores de confusión, especialmente superficie corporal, el sexo femenino no se comporta como factor independiente de mortalidad (AU)

Introduction and objectives. The influence of sex on the prognosis of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for severe stenosis is unclear. Nevertheless, a number of studies have regarded sex as an independent risk factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis. Methods. This retrospective study involved 577 consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve replacement surgery for severe aortic stenosis between 1996 and April 2007. Results. Women (44% of patients) were older than men (70.3±7.9 years vs. 66.8±9.8 years; P<.001), had a smaller body surface area (1.68±0.15 m2 vs. 1.83±0.16 m2; P<.001), more often had arterial hypertension (73% vs. 49%; P<.001), diabetes mellitus (33.5% vs. 24.5%; P=.001) and ventricular hypertrophy (89.1% vs. 83.1%; P<.001), and less often had coronary artery disease (19.1% vs. 31.8%; P<.001) and severe ventricular dysfunction (7.9% vs. 17.4%; P<.001). Nevertheless, women more often suffered acute myocardial infarction perioperatively (3.9% vs. 0.9%; P=.016), had a low cardiac output in the postoperative period (30.3% vs. 22.3%; P=.016) and experienced greater perioperative mortality (13% vs. 7.4%; P=.019) than men. However, after adjustment for various confounding factors, female sex was not a significant independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio = 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-7.26; P=.119). Conclusions. Perioperative mortality in women with severe aortic stenosis who underwent valve replacement was high. However, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, particularly body surface area, female sex was not an independent risk factor for mortality (AU)

[Coronary artery bypass surgery using the mini-extracorporeal circulation system: a Spanish unit's experience]. / Cirugía coronaria con mini-circulación extracorpórea: experiencia de un grupo en España.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing use of percutaneous interventions has resulted in a significant reduction in coronary artery bypass grafting. Today, patients referred for surgery are older, have more comorbidities, and have undergone previous percutaneous intervention, and their ventricular function is poorer. As a result, surgery has attempted to improve its results by adopting a number of different strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe one cardiac surgery unit's initial experience with coronary artery bypass grafting using mini-extracorporeal circulation (MECC), which had become its technique of choice. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 408 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting using MECC between January 2004 and April 2007 was carried out. Of the 408, 329 (80.6%) were men, their mean age was 63.5 years (28-83 years), 63% had hypertension, 49.3% had diabetes, 69% had hyperlipidemia, and 52% were smokers. RESULTS: The surgical mortality rate predicted by the logistic EuroSCORE was 3.7% (range, 1-38). Overall, 34% of patients had left main coronary artery disease and 87% had three-vessel disease. In 74%, complete revascularization was carried out using a mean of 2.97 (range, 1-7) grafts per patient. A mammary artery graft was used in all cases. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.74%. There were few postoperative complications: 0.98% of patients required further surgery because of bleeding, 3.4% had a significantly elevated troponin-I level, 6.4% developed kidney failure, and 0.5% suffered a stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery bypass grafting using MECC enabled complete revascularization to be performed in most patients, and morbidity and mortality rates were low.

Cirugía coronaria con mini-circulación extracorpórea: experiencia de un grupo en España / Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Using the Mini-Extracorporeal Circulation System: A Spanish Unit's Experience

Introducción y objetivos. El incremento del intervencionismo percutáneo ha conllevado una disminución significativa de la cirugía coronaria. El perfil del paciente coronario que se remite a cirugía es más añoso, con mayor comorbilidad, peor función ventricular y con procedimientos percutáneos previos. En este sentido la cirugía ha intentado mejorar sus resultados desde varios frentes de actuación. El objetivo es analizar y describir la experiencia inicial de la cirugía coronaria con mini-circulación extracorpórea (MCEC) en un grupo de cirugía cardiaca en el que se ha convertido en técnica de elección. Métodos. Entre enero de 2004 y abril de 2007, se analizó de forma retrospectiva a 408 pacientes sometidos a cirugía coronaria aislada con MCEC, 329 (80,6%) varones, con media (intervalo) de edad de 63,5 (28-83) años. Un 63% tenía hipertensión; el 49,3%, diabetes; el 69%, dislipemia, y el 52% eran fumadores. Resultados. El EuroSCORE logístico (mortalidad esperada) era del 3,7% (1%-38%). El 34% de los pacientes tenían afección del tronco común y el 87%, enfermedad de 3 vasos. En el 74% de los casos se realizó revascularización completa, con un número medio de injertos de 2,97 (1-7). Se utilizó injerto de mamaria en el 100% de los casos. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 0,74%. Las complicaciones postoperatorias fueron pocas: el 0,98% precisó reintervención por sangrado, en el 3,4% se elevó la troponina I de forma significativa, en el 6,4% se desarrolló insuficiencia renal y el 0,5% tuvo accidente vascular cerebral. Conclusiones. La cirugía coronaria con MCEC permite realizar una revascularización completa en la mayoría de los pacientes, con buenos resultados de morbimortalidad (AU)

Introduction and objectives. The increasing use of percutaneous interventions has resulted in a significant reduction in coronary artery bypass grafting. Today, patients referred for surgery are older, have more comorbidities, and have undergone previous percutaneous intervention, and their ventricular function is poorer. As a result, surgery has attempted to improve its results by adopting a number of different strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe one cardiac surgery unit's initial experience with coronary artery bypass grafting using mini-extracorporeal circulation (MECC), which had become its technique of choice. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting using MECC between January 2004 and April 2007 was carried out. Of the 408, 329 (80.6%) were men, their mean age was 63.5 years (28-83 years), 63% had hypertension, 49.3% had diabetes, 69% had hyperlipidemia, and 52% were smokers. Results. The surgical mortality rate predicted by the logistic EuroSCORE was 3.7% (range, 1-38). Overall, 34% of patients had left main coronary artery disease and 87% had three-vessel disease. In 74%, complete revascularization was carried out using a mean of 2.97 (range, 1-7) grafts per patient. A mammary artery graft was used in all cases. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.74%. There were few postoperative complications: 0.98% of patients required further surgery because of bleeding, 3.4% had a significantly elevated troponin-I level, 6.4% developed kidney failure, and 0.5% suffered a stroke. Conclusions. Coronary artery bypass grafting using MECC enabled complete revascularization to be performed in most patients, and morbidity and mortality rates were low (AU)

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off-pump, epicardial, high-intensity focused ultrasound: results of a multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: A simplified alternative to the Cox maze procedure to treat atrial fibrillation with epicardial high-intensity focused ultrasound was evaluated clinically, and the initial clinical results were assessed at the 6-month follow-up visit. METHODS: From September 2002 through February 2004, 103 patients were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter study. Atrial fibrillation duration ranged from 6 to 240 months (mean, 44 months) and was permanent in 76 (74%) patients, paroxysmal in 22 (21%) patients, and persistent in 5 (5%) patients. All patients had concomitant operations, and ablation was performed epicardially on the beating heart before the concomitant procedure. The device automatically created a circumferential left atrial ablation around the pulmonary veins in an average of 10 minutes, and an additional mitral line was created epicardially in 35 (34%) patients with a handheld device by using the same technology. RESULTS: No complications or deaths were device or procedure related. There were 4 (3.8%) early deaths and 2 late extracardiac deaths. The 6-month follow-up was complete in all survivors. At the 6-month visit, freedom from atrial fibrillation was 85% in the entire study group (80% in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, 88% in the 35 patients who had the additional mitral line, and 100% in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation). A pacemaker was implanted in 8 patients. Only the duration and type of atrial fibrillation significantly increased the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Epicardial, off-pump, beating-heart ablation with acoustic energy is safe and cures 80% of patients with permanent atrial fibrillation associated with long-standing structural heart disease.

Isolated bicuspid pulmonary valve: an unusual finding.

Whilst the pulmonary valve is a tricuspid valve, very few reports exist of bicuspid pulmonary valves, the majority of which are associated with congenital heart disease. Isolated bicuspid valves not associated with congenital abnormalities are even more rare. Herein, the case is described of a 65-year-old man who died from a stroke, and in whom a bicuspid pulmonary valve was found during post-mortem dissection for tissue donation.