Circulating myeloid dendritic cell directly isolated from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia are functional and carry the bcr-abl translocation.

Leukemic bcr-abl positive dendritic cells (DCs) are likely to be present in vivo in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, but no data are available on their functional qualities. We analyzed the circulating BDCA-1+ myeloid DC compartment in 15 chronic phase CML patients. Phenotypic features of CML DCs were comparable with that of normal DCs, except for the CD80 and CD40 antigens, significantly under-represented in CML patients. Nonetheless, no differences were found between normal samples and leukemic DCs in the allostimulatory ability, as well as in the production of cytokines and polarization of T cell responses. CML DCs were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and found positive for the bcr-abl translocation. However, when bcr-abl+ DCs were tested for their ability to stimulate an autologous T-cell response in vitro, we could not detect a specific recognition. We conclude that an apparently normal circulating DC compartment carrying the Ph+ chromosome can be identified in CML patients; however, these cells appear unable to trigger a protective anti-leukemic immune response in autologous T cells.

Phenotypic and functional characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients: influence of neoplastic CD19 cells in vivo and in vitro.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and are therefore an attractive option as antigen carriers in vaccination protocols. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) represents a potential good target for these approaches. The present study was designed to investigate the feasibility of generating in vitro fully functional DCs from peripheral blood (PB) monocytes of CLL patients at different phases of the disease. Although functional DCs could be obtained from CLL samples, in patients with active disease the expression of some co-stimulatory molecules appeared to be reduced. In contrast, DCs from CLL patients in remission showed no difference from those of normal controls. Moreover, patients with active disease produced DCs with reduced allostimulatory ability when compared with normal ones, whereas the functional capacities appeared to be restored in CLL DCs from remission patients. To more precisely assess the possible inhibitory effect of CLL cells on DC development, the influence of autologous leukaemic CD19(+) cells on the generation of monocyte-derived CLL DCs in vitro was investigated. The addition of CLL neoplastic cells markedly affected monocyte-derived DC maturation. In conclusion, monocytes from CLL patients with active disease give rise to DCs, which show phenotypic and functional defects that are not observed in remission CLL patients. These results need to be taken into account in the design of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches in CLL.

The circulating dendritic cell compartment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is severely defective and unable to stimulate an effective T-cell response.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent leukemia in the Western world, is characterized by a profound dysregulation of the host immune system that has a marked impact on the clinical course of the disease. To date, the competence of the circulating dendritic cell (DC) compartment in CLL patients has not been investigated. To address this issue, we sorted DC precursors from the peripheral blood of CLL patients and found a profoundly altered compartment as compared with normal donors. CLL DCs proved a morphologically and phenotypically immature population, lacking the maturation antigen CD83 and the costimulatory molecule CD80, unable to induce a significant proliferative response in allo-mixed lymphocyte reaction, with a reduced ability to release interleukin 12 and to drive a type 1 T-cell response. To investigate whether these defects could be ascribed to inhibiting soluble factors released by the leukemic clone, DCs were generated in vitro from normal monocytes in the presence of allogeneic CLL cells. The addition of CLL cells induced similar markers of abnormal maturation and functional impairment with an inhibition in the expression of costimulatory molecules and a reduction of their allo-stimulatory ability. The blocking of interleukin 6 activity was able to revert the inhibition in a proportion of patients. Taken together, these findings indicate that mechanisms of tumor-induced DC inhibition are operational in CLL patients, resulting in both maturative and functional defects in the circulating DC compartment, with a potential functional impact in the regulation of in vivo T-cell immune responses.

Expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell clones in patients with relapsed myeloma after donor lymphocyte infusion.

Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) provide effective therapy for patients with multiple myeloma who have relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, the immunological mechanisms of the graft-versus-myeloma (GVM) effect have not been defined, and the target antigens of this response have not been identified. Molecular analysis of CDR3 Vbeta repertoire after CD4+ DLI demonstrated previously that the development of GVM and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) were associated with the clonal expansion of distinct T-cell populations in patient peripheral blood. In the current study, we undertook a molecular and functional characterization of GVM- and GVHD-associated T-cell clones. T-cell clones associated with GVM were detectable by clone-specific PCR at a low level in peripheral blood before DLI and expanded approximately 10-fold after DLI. In contrast, T-cell clones associated with GVHD were not detectable before DLI or before the development of clinical GVHD. Two T-cell clones associated with GVM were isolated and expanded in vitro, allowing their phenotypic and functional characterization. Both GVM clones were derived from donor cells and had a CD3+CD8+CD4- phenotype. One GVM clone specifically recognized patient myeloma cells in an HLA class I-restricted manner, but was not reactive with patient normal bone marrow cells or patient EBV transformed B cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the GVM response is mediated by donor-derived CD8+ T-cell clones with antimyeloma specificity that may be present before DLI. In contrast, T-cell clones associated with GVHD are expanded de novo after DLI.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with highly stable and indolent disease show distinctive phenotypic and genotypic features.

Different biologic features have been associated with a more or less aggressive clinical course in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In the present study, 20 patients with highly stable CLL observed at a single institution over a period of 10 to 23 years and who never required treatment were extensively characterized. The aim was to identify a distinct and reproducible biologic profile associated with disease stability that may be used to recognize at presentation CLL patients who are likely to have a very benign clinical course and for whom treatment is not indicated. The results obtained indicate that numerous parameters are closely associated with disease stability: a typical CLL morphology and immunophenotype, the lack of expression of the CD38 antigen, the mutated immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain variable (V) pattern, the absence of p53 mutations, a CD4/CD8 ratio more than 1, the lack of 17p and 11q deletions and of complex karyotypic aberrations, and the occurrence of the 13q14 deletion. No case displayed the VH3-21 gene, linked in mutated CLL with a poor outcome. In addition, the VH1-69 gene associated with unmutated CLL cases was never detected. These biologic features were coupled with an indolent clinical course characterized by an unmodified clinical stage over time, and by lack of autoimmune phenomena and of major infections requiring parental antibiotics. At a time when aggressive therapeutic strategies are always more frequently used in the management of CLL, the distinctive features of patients with long-lived stable disease should be prospectively identified at presentation.