The development of an intraruminal nylon bag technique using non-fistulated animals to assess the rumen degradability of dietary plant materials.

Although the conventional in situ ruminal degradability method is a relevant tool to describe the nutritional value of ruminant feeds, its need for rumen-fistulated animals may impose a restriction on its use when considering animal welfare issues and cost. The aim of the present work was to develop a ruminal degradability technique which avoids using surgically prepared animals. The concept was to orally dose a series of porous bags containing the test feeds at different times before slaughter, when the bags would be removed from the rumen for degradation measurement. Bags, smaller than those used in the conventional nylon bag technique, were made from woven nylon fabric, following two shape designs (rectangular flat shape, tetrahedral shape) and were fitted with one of three types of device for preventing their regurgitation. These bags were used in two experiments with individually housed non-pregnant, non-lactating sheep, as host animals for the in situ ruminal incubation of forage substrates. The bags were closed at the top edge by machine stitching and wrapped in tissue paper before oral dosing. Standard times for ruminal incubation of substrates in all of the tests were 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h before slaughter. The purpose of the first experiment was to compare the effectiveness of the three anti-regurgitation device designs, constructed from nylon cable ties ('Z-shaped', ARD1; 'double Z-shaped', ARD2; 'umbrella-shaped', ARD3), and to observe whether viable degradation curves could be generated using grass hay as the substrate. In the second experiment, three other substrates (perennial ryegrass, red clover and barley straw) were compared using flat and tetrahedral bags fitted with type ARD1 anti-regurgitation devices. Non-linear mixed-effect regression models were used to fit asymptotic exponential curves of the percentage dry matter loss of the four substrates against time of incubation in the reticulorumen, and the effect of type of anti-regurgitation device and the shape of nylon bag. All three devices were highly successful at preventing regurgitation with 93% to 100% of dosed bags being recovered in the reticulorumen at slaughter. Ruminal degradation data obtained for tested forages were in accordance with those expected from the conventional degradability technique using fistulated animals, with no significant differences in the asymptotic values of degradation curves between bag shape or anti-regurgitation device. The results of this research demonstrate the potential for using a small bag technique with intact sheep to characterise the in situ ruminal degradability of roughages.

Effects of tropical high tannin non legume and low tannin legume browse mixtures on fermentation parameters and methanogenesis using gas production technique.

In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of several mixtures of high tanniniferous non legumes with low tanniniferous legumes on in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry matter degradation, Ammonia-N, methane production and microbial population. Eight treatments were examined in a randomized complete block design using four non-legumes and two legumes (Carallia integerrima×Leucaena leucocephala (LL) (Trt 1), C. integerrima×Gliricidia sepium (GS) (Trt 2), Aporosa lindeliyana×LL (Trt 3), A. lindeliyana×GS (Trt 4), Ceiba perntandra×LL (Trt 5), C. perntandra×GS (Trt 6), Artocarpus heterophyllus×LL (Trt 7), A. heterophyllus×GS (Trt 8). The condensed tannin (CT) content of non legumes ranged from 6.2% (Carallia integerrima) to 4.9% (Ceiba perntandra) while the CT of legumes were 1.58% (Leucaena leucocephala) and 0.78% (Gliricidia sepium). Forage mixtures contained more than 14% of crude protein (CP) while the CT content ranged from 2.8% to 4.0% respectively. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in in vitro gas production (IGVP) within treatments over a 48 h period dominated by C. perntandra×G. sepium (Trt 6). The net gas production (p<0.05) was also high with Trt6 followed by A. heterophyllus×L. leucocephala (Trt 7) and A. heterophyllus×G. sepium (Trt 8). Highest (p>0.05) NH3-N (ml/200 mg DM) production was observed with the A. heterophyllus×G. sepium (Trt 8) mixture which may be attributed with it's highest CP content. The correlation between IVGP and CT was 0.675 while IVGP and CP was 0.610. In vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD) was highest in Trt 8 as well. Methane production ranged from 2.57 to 4.79 (ml/200 mg DM) to be synonimous with IVGP. A higher bacteria population (p<0.05) was found in C. perntandra×G. sepium (Trt 6) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus+G. sepium (Trt 8) and the same trend was observed with the protozoa population as well. The results show that supplementing high tannin non leguminous forages by incremental substitution of legume forage increased gas production parameters, NH3-N, IVDMD and microbial population in the fermentation liquid. Methane production was not significantly affected by the presence of CT or different levels of CP in forage mixtures. Among non legumes, Ceiba perntandra and Artocarpus heterophyllus performed better in mixture with L. leucocephala and G. sepium.

Variation between sheep in renal excretion of [14C]allantoin.

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the recovery of [14C]allantoin in urine of sheep dosed intravenously and degradation of allantoin by rumen micro-organisms. The recovery of [14C]allantoin in the urine of eight sheep was measured during three periods in two experiments. Individual values of [14C]allantoin recovery varied from 66 to 95 % (mean value 83 (se 1.6) %). The recovery of [14C]allantoin showed no relation to the level of feed intake. There was some evidence that glomerular filtration rate was an important factor affecting the amount of urinary allantoin recovered in one experiment. Incomplete recovery of plasma [14C]allantoin in the urine indicated losses of plasma [14C]allantoin via non-renal routes. This is supported by the disappearance of 14C from rumen contents incubated in vitro with [14C]allantoin for 48 h (88 %) and the presence of 14C in saliva in vivo from sheep sampled after dosing with [14C]allantoin. However, the amount of 14C activity in the saliva was very low (equivalent to only 1.5 % of the total dose in sheep producing saliva at a rate of 15 litres/d). The proportion of renal and non-renal excretion of purine derivatives was found to be unpredictable both between and within individual animals. The factors responsible for this variability need to be identified, and existing models of excretion of purine derivatives may need to be modified accordingly to improve their accuracy of prediction. A single intravenous injection of [4,5-14C]allantoin provides a simple alternative to infusion methods used to measure the proportion of plasma allantoin excreted in the urine of sheep. Using this method it may be feasible to validate PD excretion models in other ruminant livestock.

Supplement strategies for ruminants and management of feeding to maximize utilization of roughages.

Principles of supplementation are discussed in respect of both, their positive and negative effects on roughage digestion and utilization by ruminants. It is pointed out that negative effects mainly occur when excessively processed concentrate is given in large quantities two times per day. This lowers rumen pH which in turn depresses cellulose digestion and intake of cellulosic feeds, leading to problems of acidosis and secondary ketosis due to off-feed conditions. To a large extent, such problems can be overcome by limited processing and feeding the concentrate mixed with the roughage. Supplements can also have positive effects by alleviating deficiencies such as nitrogen or by providing easily fermentable fiber to increase microbes for attachment to roughages. Supplements can increase microbial protein production and undegraded protein supply. It is emphasized that proper use and management of supplements can make the difference between profit and loss for small farmers.

Effect of glucose supply on fasting nitrogen excretion and effect of level and type of volatile fatty acid infusion on response to protein infusion in cattle.

Two experiments were carried out on cattle nourished entirely by intragastric infusion, to determine the extent to which glucose or a glucose precursor determines the response to protein infusion in energy-undernourished animals. In order to determine the requirement for glucose in 1-year-old fasting cattle, glucose was infused at increments to supply 0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 g/kg metabolic body weight (W0.75) and the effects on plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and N excretion were measured. At 5.5 g glucose/kg W0.75 plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate was reduced to a basal level of 1.65 mmol/l and fasting N excretion reduced from 529 to 280 mg N/kg W0.75. No further reduction was observed with the higher level of 6.5 g glucose/kg W0.75. In the second trial, three steers were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design and infused with a volatile fatty acid mixture of 65, 27 and 8 mol acetic, propionic and butyric acids respectively/100 mol, either at an estimated maintenance energy level of 450 kJ/kg W0.75 and supplying a calculated glucose equivalent level of 13.0 g/kg W0.75 (M1A), or at 1.5 x maintenance supplying a glucose equivalent of 20 g/kg W0.75 (M1.5A). Another mixture infused at the maintenance energy level contained 49, 43 and 8 mol acetic, propionic and butyric acids respectively/100 mol but with a glucose equivalent of 20 g/kg W0.75 (M1P). Casein was infused at each of these energy treatments to supply 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 2500 mg N/kg W0.75 daily, and N balance and blood metabolites were measured. N retention increased linearly (r 0.98) with casein infusion. The coefficients for N retention were 0.55, 0.57 and 0.64 for M1A, M1.5A and M1P respectively. The mean efficiency of N utilization was 0.58. The results suggest that provided the glucose need is met there is no relationship between energy supply and efficiency and level of protein retention. However, the results also indicate that glucose requirement in cattle may be higher than that previously observed in sheep.

The effects of acute and chronic protein depletion and accretion on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, fibronectin and total protein for ruminants nourished by intragastric infusion of nutrients.

The relationships of N input or protein status and the concentrations of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), plasma fibronectin (FN) and total protein (TP) were examined in three experiments with steers and sheep nourished by intragastric infusion of nutrients. In Expt 1, three steers (340 kg live weight) were infused with three levels of volatile fatty acids (0, 300 and 600 kJ/kg metabolic weight (W0.75) per d) and six levels of casein (0, 200, 400, 650, 1500 and 2500 mg N/kg W0.75 per d). Each N treatment was imposed for 5 d. In Expts 2 and 3, five groups of sheep (about 35 kg live weight) were infused with casein at 500 mg N/kg W0.75 per d for 2 weeks followed by 1500, 500 or 50 mg N/kg W0.75 per d in Expt 2, and in Expt 3, with 100 mg N/kg W0.75 per d for 6 weeks or 10 mg N/kg W0.75 per d for 4 weeks. Non-protein energy was maintained constant at 500 kJ/kg W0.75 per d throughout. Daily N balance and total body N content at the end were measured, and protein status was defined as a percentage of cumulative N accretion or depletion in relation to the total body N content at maintenance. It was found that IGF-1 and FN responded rapidly and substantially to altered N input, and that when daily N input was maintained constantly at sub-maintenance, their continuous declines were related closely to progressive protein depletion in the sheep. Plasma TP concentration was independent of N input when N input was altered acutely in the steers, but declined significantly and gradually with severe, chronic body protein depletion in the sheep. Plasma content of TP in the sheep however reduced acutely with a reduction in N input. Plasma volume fell substantially over the first 2 weeks of protein depletion, compensating for the declines in TP content and maintaining TP concentration plateau. The possible implications of the changes in TP concentration and content (concentration x volume) to body protein loss in sheep are discussed.

Protein utilization during energy undernutrition in sheep sustained by intragastric infusion. Effect of body fatness on the protein metabolism of energy-restricted sheep.

The effect of body fat content on the protein metabolism of energy-restricted sheep has been studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, six Suffolk-cross wether sheep, three weighing about 39 kg and three of about 61 kg, were given progressively increasing amounts of casein-N from 0 to 3000 mg N/kg metabolic body weight (W0.75) daily with constant energy, 91 kJ/kg W0.75 daily, from a high-propionic acid mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFA). In the second experiment, two lean and two fat sheep of similar body weights were given progressively increasing amounts of casein with the same VFA mixture. All the animals attained a positive N balance when they were in negative energy balance. N balance was not affected by body fatness of the magnitude studied, although lean animals utilized increasing levels of standard VFA (acetate-propionate-butyrate 65:25:10, molar proportions) infusion for N accretion more efficiently than fat animals. Endogenous energy was utilized for protein accretion with an efficiency of 0.56. Supply of glucogenic VFA equivalent to 28 mmol glucose/kg W0.75 reduced fasting N excretion by 39%. Fasting heat production decreased from 335 to 300 kJ/kg W0.75 with the infusion of casein and glucogenic VFA. It is argued that fasting induces additional heat losses due to raised protein metabolism and is unsuited as a baseline for dietary assessment.

Protein utilization during energy undernutrition in sheep sustained by intragastric infusion: effects of protein infusion level, with or without sub-maintenance amounts of energy from volatile fatty acids, on energy and protein metabolism.

Utilization of endogenous and exogenous energy for protein accretion during energy undernutrition has been studied. Nine lambs nourished by intragastric infusion were given either progressively increasing or decreasing amounts of casein-N up to 2550 mg/kg metabolic weight (W0.75), with or without 250 kJ/kg W0.75 of volatile fatty acids daily. Energy balance (respiration calorimetry) and N balance were measured. While all experimental animals were in negative energy balance, N balance increased curve-linearly with the increase in casein-N infusion and attained positive N balance. Endogenous energy (presumably body fat) was found to meet the energy needs for protein accretion during energy undernutrition. It is concluded that body fat can be effectively utilized to support lean-tissue growth during energy undernutrition, so that the classical nutritional concept of dietary energy:protein ratio is only meaningful when both endogenous and exogenous energy are considered.

Excretion of benzoic acid derivatives in urine of sheep given intraruminal infusions of 3-phenylpropionic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids.

The quantitative relationship between the urinary excretion of benzoic acid (BA) and the uptake of 3-phenylpropionic (PPA) and cyclohexanecarboxylic (CHCA) acids was assessed. PPA and CHCA are produced in the rumen by microbial fermentation of lignocellulosic feeds and metabolized, after absorption, to BA which is excreted in the urine mainly as its glycine conjugate hippuric acid (HA). Four sheep nourished by intragastric infusions of all nutrients were given continuous ruminal infusions of PPA (8, 16 or 24 mmol/d) either alone or with CHCA (8 or 16 mmol/d) in a factorial experiment. The treatments were allocated to ten consecutive 6 d periods, with a control being repeated at periods 1, 5 and 10. PPA and CHCA ruminal absorption rates, estimated using the liquid-phase marker Cr-EDTA, were 0.78 (SD 0.29)/h and 0.88 (SD 0.28)/h respectively. For the control, HA excretion was only 0.22 (SD 0.33) mmol/d and free BA was absent. For the other treatments, both HA and free BA were present and HA accounted for 0.85 (SD 0.05) of total BA: The urinary excretion of total BA showed a significant linear correlation (r = 0.997, P < 0.001) with the amounts of PPA and CHCA infused. The urinary recovery of infused PPA and CHCA as total BA was 0.79 (SE 0.01). Faecal excretion of BA and its precursors was negligible. Results of this study show that urinary total BA is a potential estimator of the absorption of PPA + CHCA produced in the rumen.

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and tissue xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) activity in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) with special reference to differences between buffaloes and Bos taurus cattle.

The urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was measured in six buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) during fasting and in fourteen buffaloes given four restricted levels of roughage (2.5-4.8 kg DM/d). Only allantoin and uric acid, not xanthine and hypoxanthine, were present in the urine, the pattern of excretion being similar to that in cattle. The fasting PD excretion amounted to 0.20 (SD 0.06) mmol/kg metabolic weight (W)0.75 per d, and the rate of PD excretion as a linear function of feed intake was 5.2 mmol/kg digestible organic matter intake. Both values were considerably lower than the values for cattle reported in the literature. Creatinine excretion values were 0.33 (SD 0.06) and 0.44 (SD 0.09) mmol/kg (W)0.75 per d determined in fasting and feeding periods respectively. Fasting N excretion was 257 (SD 49) mg N/kg (W)0.75 per d. Both creatinine and fasting N excretions were also lower than in cattle. The activities of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) in plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa were determined in buffaloes, cattle and sheep. Xanthine oxidase activities in buffaloes were 24.5 (SD 2.7) unit/l plasma and 0.44 (SD 0.02) and 0.31 (SD 0.10) unit/g fresh tissue in liver and intestinal mucosa respectively. These activities were higher than those in cattle and sheep. Xanthine oxidase was practically absent from plasma and intestine of sheep. It is suggested that the differences in PD excretion between buffaloes and cattle were probably due to the smaller proportion of plasma PD that was disposed of in the urine of buffaloes.

Urinary and plasma purine derivatives in fed and fasted llamas (Lama glama and L. guanacoe).

The changes in urinary and plasma purine derivatives in response to fasting and level of feeding in llamas were examines. In one experiment, four llamas were gradually deprived of feed within 3 days and then fasted for 6 days. Daily urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased with feed intake and leveled on the last 3 days of fasting at 177 +/- 26 mumol/kg W0.75. Allantoin and uric acid comprised 71% and 15% of total purine derivatives, respectively, in both fed and fasted states, but hypoxanthine plus xanthine increased from 9% to 36%. Plasma concentration of allantoin declined with feed intake reduction, but those of uric acid (217 mumol/l) and hypoxanthine plus xanthine (27 mumol/l) remained relatively unchanged. Concentration of uric acid was higher than that of allantoin, probably due to a high reabsorption of uric acid in renal tubules, which was measured as over 90%. In a second experiment, the four llamas were fed at 860 and 1740 g dry matter/d in a crossover design. Urinary total purine derivatives excretion responded to feed intake (10.4 vs 14.4 mmol/d), although the observed differences did not reach significance. Compared with some ruminant species, it appears that the llama resembles sheep regarding the magnitude of urinary purine derivatives excretion but is unique in maintaining a high concentration of uric acid in plasma, which could be part of the llama's adaptation to their environment.

Effects of long-term protein excess or deficiency on whole-body protein turnover in sheep nourished by intragastric infusion of nutrients.

The effect of long-term dietary protein excess and deficit on whole-body protein-N turnover (WBPNT) was examined in lambs nourished by intragastric infusions of nutrients. Ten sheep were given 500 mg N/kg metabolic weight (W0.75) per d from casein for 2 weeks and then either 50 (L), 500 (M) or 1500 (H) mg N/kgW0.75 per d for 6 weeks. Volatile fatty acids were infused at 500 kJ/kgW0.75 per d. Daily WBPNT was measured by continuous intravenous infusion of [1-13C]leucine 3 d before, and on days 2, 21 and 42 after the alteration in protein intake. Whole-body protein-N synthesis (WBPNS) was calculated as the difference between WBPNT and the protein-N losses as urinary NH3 and urea. Whole-body protein-N degradation (WBPND) was then estimated from WBPNS minus protein gain determined from N balance. Fractional rates of WBPNS and WBPND were calculated against fleece-free body N content. WBPNS rates at the L, M and H intakes were respectively 35.1, 41.5 and 63.7 g/d (P < 0.001) on average over the 6 weeks and WBPND rates were 39.5, 41.1 and 56.8 g/d (P < 0.001). The fractional rates of WBPNS were 5.01, 6.37 and 7.73% per d (P < 0.001) while those of WBPND were 5.64, 6.29 and 6.81% per d (P < 0.005) respectively. On days 2, 21 and 42, WBPNS rates at intake H were 54.0, 61.8 and 75.4 g/d (P = 0.03) respectively, and WBPND rates were 43.2, 56.4 and 70.9 g/d (P = 0.03); at intake L the amounts were 38.2, 34.2 and 32.8 g/d for WBPNS (P = 0.003) and for WBPND were 43.4, 38.0 and 36.9 g/d (P = 0.016) respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in fractional rates of WBPNS and WBPND with time at either the L or H intake. We concluded that absolute protein turnover was affected both by dietary protein intake and body condition while the fractional rate of turnover was predominantly influenced by intake.

The use of intragastric nutrition to study saliva secretion and the relationship between rumen osmotic pressure and water transport.

Four sheep sustained by intragastric nutrition were used to study saliva secretion and the relationship between osmotic pressure in the rumen and net water transport across the rumen wall. Different concentrations of buffer were infused into the rumen to change the rumen osmotic pressure. Salivary secretion was estimated from entrance of P into the rumen. Net water transport across the rumen wall was calculated as the difference between water inflow and water outflow from the rumen. A negative linear relationship between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the water absorption across the rumen wall (Y, ml/h) was found: Y = (394 SE 8.3)-(1.22 SE 0.03) X, r2 0.83, (P < 0.001), and a positive linear relationship was found between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the outflow rate of rumen fluid (Y, ml/h): Y = (34.0 SE 8.0) + (0.97 SE 0.03) X, r2 0.56, (P < 0.001). The implication is that rumen osmotic pressure can be a key factor in the control of the net water transport across the rumen wall, the outflow of rumen fluid to omasum and the rumen liquid dilution rate. A method is suggested by which salivary secretion in sheep may be calculated from the water balance in the rumen.

Interactions between rumen anaerobic fungi and ciliate protozoa in the degradation of rice straw cell walls.

Suspensions of mixed rumen protozoa were added to incubations of the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum with rice straw cell walls. The protozoa did not influence the dry matter lost from the straw, or the solubilization of monosaccharides, but they had a marked effect on the fermentation products formed. Studies with 14C-labelled protozoa suggested that the presence of protozoa reduced the fungal carboxymethylcellulase activity to around half of that found in pure cultures of the fungus.

Indirect measurement of saliva secretion in sheep fed diets of different structures and the effect of such diets on ruminal fluid kinetics and fermentation pattern.

Four Suffolk x Dorset sheep were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design and received a hay-barley-molasses diet in one of four different physical structures: (1) pelleted; (2) pelleted:chopped (60:40); (3) chopped:pelleted (60:40); or (4) chopped. The animals were penned individually and the diet was restricted to provide 20 g of dry matter (DM) per kilogram live weight daily. The effects of the diets on rumen fluid kinetics, fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen (MN) supply were examined. Saliva secretion was estimated using an indirect method based on water balance in the rumen. When the animals were fed the chopped diet, the salivation rate, rumen fluid volume and rumen liquid outflow were all increased significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). No consistent effect of dietary structure on rumen fluid dilution rate, purine derivative (PD) excretion or MN supply was observed. Dietary structure had no effect on the rumen fermentation pattern, digestibility of DM or nitrogen.

Effect of level of input of different proportions of volatile fatty acids on energy utilization in growing ruminants.

Four steers were maintained wholly by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and protein, together with a mineral-vitamin supplement. The infusion was given at three levels of energy, namely 450, 675 and 900 kJ/kg live weight0.75, calculated to supply energy at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 times that required for maintenance. The VFA provided 0.837 and the protein 0.163 of the energy infused. The molar proportions of individual VFA were varied so that the infusate contained 0.36-0.91 of acetic acid, 0.56-0.01 of propionic acid and a constant 0.08 of butyric acid. Heat production was measured in respiration chambers. Urine was analysed for N, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate and VFA. Blood plasma was analysed for beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, insulin and glucose. As the proportion of acetic acid was increased, and propionic acid reduced, there was no change in blood or urine metabolites or in heat production until acetic acid exceeded a proportion of about 0.75. At higher proportions beta-hydroxybutyrate increased in plasma and urine, blood glucose and insulin tended to fall and urinary N excretion rose. At a proportion of acetic acid of > 0.80, acetate appeared in the urine and at > 0.86 heat production declined. The effect of level of infusion on the molar proportion at which plasma and urine metabolites changed was less clear. There was a tendency for the increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate to occur at a slightly lower proportion of acetic acid at the highest level of infusion. It is concluded that differences in heat production that are observed between diets are probably not caused by differences in rumen VFA proportions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Measurement of allantoin in urine and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization.

A method is reported for determination of allantoin in urine and plasma based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pre-column derivatization. In the derivatization procedure, allantoin is converted to glyoxylic acid which forms a hydrazone with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The hydrazone appears as syn and anti isomers at a constant ratio. These derivatives are separated by HPLC using a reversed-phase C18 column from hydrazones of other keto acids possibly present in urine and plasma and then monitored at 360 nm. All components were completely resolved in 15 min. Both the reagents and derivatization products are stable. Recovery of allantoin added to urine and plasma was 95 +/- 3.7% (n = 45) and 100 +/- 7.5% (n = 64), respectively. The lowest allantoin concentration that gave a reproducible integration was 5 mumol/l. The between-assay and within-day coefficients of variation were 2.8 and 0.6%, respectively.

Endogenous allantoin excretion in response to changes in protein supply in sheep.

Endogenous allantoin derives from the breakdown of tissue nucleic acids. This study examined the effect of changes in protein supply on endogenous allantoin excretion by sheep. The animals were nourished by infusions of volatile fatty acids into the rumen and casein into the abomasum, thus avoiding ruminal microbial fermentation (i.e., no supply of exogenous nucleic acids). While a constant energy supply was maintained, the protein supply was altered in one of two ways: 1) changed from 0 to 3000 mg casein-N/kg metabolic weight (W0.75) per day in progressive steps; or 2) completely removed from an initial constant level [500 mg N/(kg W0.75.d)]. With the first alteration, endogenous allantoin excretion was not directly affected by the daily N input or N retention, but was linearly correlated with the cumulative N retention. With the second alteration, allantoin excretion increased (35-145%) on the first day after removal of the protein supply and then fell to a level equivalent to, or lower than, that before protein removal. The results suggest that the changes in endogenous allantoin excretion may reflect remodeling of the metabolic state of the animal during periods when protein supply fluctuates.

The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep.

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was used to estimate the microbial N (MN) supply to sheep in three experiments designed to examine the effects of DMI and BW on the efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) to the host animal. In Exp. 1, four sheep of about 45 kg BW were given 328, 656, 984, and 1313 g of DM/d of a hay/concentrate diet in a Latin square design. Excretion of PD per kilogram of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased with intake, and EMNS increased from 12.0 to 28.3 g of MN/kg of OM digested in the rumen (DOMR). In Exp. 2, 19 sheep ranging from 22 to 73 kg BW were all offered 820 g of DM/d of the same diet as that fed in Exp. 1. Although DM digestibility was relatively constant, PD excretion varied from 4.5 to 13.5 mmol/d and EMNS from 8 to 36 g of MN/kg of DOMR, both inversely related to animal BW. In Exp. 3, five sheep of 48 to 57 kg BW were given a different diet at 702, 966, or 1,237 g of DM/d. Purine derivative excretion per kilogram of DOMI increased with the DMI:BW ratio. Calculated EMNS ranged from 23 to 35 g of MN/kg of DOMR. Pooled data from all experiments showed EMNS to be related to the DMI:BW ratio. It is suggested that the DMI:BW ratio defines the ruminal digesta passage rate and hence outflow of microbial protein. The results imply that the EMNS for a given diet is not constant, but changes with intake.

Effect of different volatile fatty acids mixtures on energy metabolism in cattle.

Four Friesian steers (mean BW = 282 kg) were given mixtures of VFA and casein by intragastric infusion to give a total energy input of 675 kJ/kg BW.75. Casein supplied 16.3% of the energy and 777 mg N/kg BW.75. The molar proportion of butyric acid was held constant at 8 mol/100 mol, and the acetic and propionic acids varied inversely. Acetic acid was varied in 12 increments from 11 to 91 mol/100 mol and propionic acid proportion varied inversely. Heat production, blood (urea, insulin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids) and urine metabolites (urea, N, VFA) were measured. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in heat production until the acetic acid proportions exceeded approximately 90 mol/100 mol, at which point there was a decrease in heat production (P less than .05) accompanied by a considerable excretion of acetic acid in the urine. Above 80 mol/100 mol acetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate was greatly elevated, accompanied by a small decrease in blood glucose and blood insulin together with an increase in blood free fatty acid concentration. There was also an elevation of N excretion in the urine. When the proportion of propionic acid exceeded 76 mol/100 mol there were some metabolic disturbances resulting in blood hemolysis, an increase in N excretion in the urine, and nervous disposition of the animals. It is concluded that differences in heat production between roughage and concentrate diets are not likely to be a result of differences in the energetic response to different proportions of VFA. Differences in activity during standing, feeding, and ruminating may, therefore, be more important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)