Alteraciones en la corteza motora primaria en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: estudio en el modelo 3xTg-AD / Primary motor cortex alterations in Alzheimer disease: A study in the 3xTg-AD model

Introducción: En el cerebro del humano y en el de modelos animales, la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) se caracteriza por la acumulación del péptido β-amiloide (βA), de la proteína tau hiperfosforilada, degeneración neuronal y gliosis astrocítica que son prominentes en regiones cerebrales vulnerables (hipocampo y corteza). Estas alteraciones se relacionan con el deterioro cognitivo (pérdida de la memoria) y no cognitivo en la función motora. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar en el modelo (3xTg-AD) los cambios celulares (neuronas y astroglía) y la agregación de βA y tau hiperfosforilada en la corteza motora primaria (M1) en una etapa intermedia de la EA y su relación con el desempeño motor. Métodos: Se utilizaron hembras 3xTg-AD de 11 meses de edad, comparadas con no transgénicas (No-Tg) de la misma edad. En ambos grupos, se evaluaron el desempeño motor (campo abierto) y el daño celular con marcadores específicos: BAM10 (agregados βA extracelulares), tau 499 (hiperfosforilada), GFAP (astrocitos) y Klüver-Barrera (neuronas) en la M1. Resultados: Las hembras 3xTg-AD en etapa intermedia de la patología mostraron alteraciones motoras y celulares asociadas al depósito de βA y tau hiperfosforilada en la M1. Conclusiones: Desde etapas tempranas de la EA se observan signos y síntomas de deterioro funcional. Sin embargo, en este estudio reportamos que en la etapa intermedia de la patología se encuentran establecidas las características de daño en la M1 asociadas al desempeño motor. Eventos que se relacionan con el avance de las características clínicas de la patología

Introduction: In humans and animal models, Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterised by accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuronal degeneration, and astrocytic gliosis, especially in vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus and cortex). These alterations are associated with cognitive impairment (loss of memory) and non-cognitive impairment (motor impairment). The purpose of this study was to identify cell changes (neurons and glial cells) and aggregation of Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the primary motor cortex (M1) in 3xTg-AD mouse models at an intermediate stage of AD. Methods: We used female 3xTg-AD mice aged 11 months and compared them to non-transgenic mice of the same age. In both groups, we assessed motor performance (open field test) and neuronal damage in M1 using specific markers: BAM10 (extracellular Aβ aggregates), tau 499 (hyperphosphorylated tau protein), GFAP (astrocytes), and Klüver-Barrera staining (neurons). Results: Female 3xTg-AD mice in intermediate stages of the disease displayed motor and cellular alterations associated with Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposition in M1. Conclusions: Patients with AD display signs and symptoms of functional impairment from early stages. According to our results, M1 cell damage in intermediate-stage AD affects motor function, which is linked to progression of the disease

Primary motor cortex alterations in Alzheimer disease: A study in the 3xTg-AD model. / Alteraciones en la corteza motora primaria en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: estudio en el modelo 3xTg-AD.

INTRODUCTION: In humans and animal models, Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterised by accumulation of amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuronal degeneration, and astrocytic gliosis, especially in vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus and cortex). These alterations are associated with cognitive impairment (loss of memory) and non-cognitive impairment (motor impairment). The purpose of this study was to identify cell changes (neurons and glial cells) and aggregation of Aß and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the primary motor cortex (M1) in 3xTg-AD mouse models at an intermediate stage of AD. METHODS: We used female 3xTg-AD mice aged 11 months and compared them to non-transgenic mice of the same age. In both groups, we assessed motor performance (open field test) and neuronal damage in M1 using specific markers: BAM10 (extracellular Aß aggregates), tau 499 (hyperphosphorylated tau protein), GFAP (astrocytes), and Klüver-Barrera staining (neurons). RESULTS: Female 3xTg-AD mice in intermediate stages of the disease displayed motor and cellular alterations associated with Aß and hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposition in M1. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AD display signs and symptoms of functional impairment from early stages. According to our results, M1 cell damage in intermediate-stage AD affects motor function, which is linked to progression of the disease.

Marcaje colinérgico en la corteza cerebral y el hipocampo en algunas especies animales y su relación con la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of some animal species and their correlation to Alzheimer’s disease

Introducción: El sistema colinérgico incluye neuronas localizadas en el cerebro basal anterior y sus axones largos proyectan a la corteza cerebral e hipocampo. Este sistema modula la función cognitiva. En la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y en el proceso de envejecimiento la disfunción colinérgica hay una asociación entre el deterioro cognitivo y el daño progresivo de las fibras colinérgicas, lo que conduce al postulado de la hipótesis colinérgica. Desarrollo: En la EA se producen alteraciones en la expresión y en la actividad de la colina acetiltransferasa (ChAT) y la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE), enzimas específicas relacionadas con la función del SC. Ambas proteínas juegan un papel importante en la transmisión colinérgica mostrando variaciones en la corteza cerebral y en el hipocampo, tanto por el envejecimiento, como por la EA. En ambas estructuras, los desórdenes demenciales están asociados a la destrucción severa y desorganización de las proyecciones colinérgicas que se encuentran afectadas. Para el estudio de este sistema se han usado marcadores específicos como los anticuerpos contra ChAT y AChE que han sido empleados en las técnicas de inmuhistoquímica de luz y microscopia electrónica en algunas especies animales. Conclusiones: En este trabajo se hace una revisión de los principales estudios inmunomorfológicos de la corteza cerebral e hipocampo de varias especies animales con énfasis en el SC y su relación con la EA

Introduction: The cholinergic system includes neurons located in the basal forebrain and their long axons that reach the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. This system modulates cognitive function. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and ageing, cognitive impairment is associated with progressive damage to cholinergic fibres, which leads us to the cholinergic hypothesis for AD. Development: The AD produces alterations in the expression and activity of acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), enzymes specifically related to cholinergic system function. Both proteins play a role in cholinergic transmission, which is altered in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus due to ageing and AD. Dementia disorders are associated with the severe destruction and disorganisation of the cholinergic projections extending to both structures. Specific markers, such as anti-ChAT and anti-AChE antibodies, have been used in light immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy assays to study this system in adult members of certain animal species. Conclusions: This paper reviews the main immunomorphological studies of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in some animal species with particular emphasis on the cholinergic system and its relationship with the AD

REST/NRSF-induced changes of ChAT protein expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mouse model for Alzheimer's disease.

AIMS: The cholinergic system is one of the neurotransmitter systems altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of human dementia. The objective of this work was to determine the REST/NRSF involvement in altered ChAT expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of an AD transgenic mouse (homozygous 3xTg-AD) that over-expresses 3 proteins, amyloid-ß precursor protein, presenilin-1, and tau, all of which are associated with AD and cause cellular degeneration. MAIN METHODS: Two groups (WT and 3xTg-AD) of 11-month-old female mice were analyzed and compared. Half of the brains of each group were used for ChAT immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot analyses of ChAT and REST/NRSF were performed on the other half. KEY FINDINGS: We observed significant decreases in the number of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the Meynert nucleus and of fibers in the frontal motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 area in transgenic mice compared with control mice. An increased level of REST/NRSF protein and a reduction of ChAT protein expression in the 3xTg-AD mice compared with their controls were also found in both in the latter two cerebral regions. SIGNIFICANCE: The increased REST/NRSF expression reported here and its effect on the regulatory region for ChAT transcription could explain the decreased expression of ChAT in the 3xTg-AD mouse; these findings may be associated with the degeneration observed in AD.

Cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of some animal species and their correlation to Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The cholinergic system includes neurons located in the basal forebrain and their long axons that reach the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. This system modulates cognitive function. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ageing, cognitive impairment is associated with progressive damage to cholinergic fibres, which leads us to the cholinergic hypothesis for AD. DEVELOPMENT: The AD produces alterations in the expression and activity of acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), enzymes specifically related to cholinergic system function. Both proteins play a role in cholinergic transmission, which is altered in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus due to ageing and AD. Dementia disorders are associated with the severe destruction and disorganisation of the cholinergic projections extending to both structures. Specific markers, such as anti-ChAT and anti-AChE antibodies, have been used in light immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy assays to study this system in adult members of certain animal species. CONCLUSIONS: This paper reviews the main immunomorphological studies of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in some animal species with particular emphasis on the cholinergic system and its relationship with the AD.

Análisis morfológico de la región del hipocampo asociado a una tarea conductual innata en el modelo de ratón transgénico (3xTg-AD) para la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Morphological analysis of the hippocampal region associated with an innate behaviour task in the transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) for Alzheimer disease

Introducción: Se han diseñado diferentes modelos animales de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) para apoyar la hipótesis de que la neurodegeneración (pérdida de neuronas, sinapsis y gliosis reactiva) asociada al depósito de A_ y tau en estos animales es similar a la del cerebro humano. Estas alteraciones producen cambios funcionales que se inician con el deterioro en la habilidad para realizar actividades de la vida cotidiana, pérdida de la memoria y, en general, trastorno neuropsiquiátrico. La alteración neuronal desempeña un papel importante en las etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, especialmente en el área CA1 del hipocampo de animales y humanos. Métodos: Se utilizaron ratones WT y 3xTg-AD hembras de 11 meses de edad, para el análisis conductual (construcción del nido) e histológico en la región CA1 del hipocampo dorsal. Resultados: Los ratones 3xTg-AD mostraron deficiencia del 50% en la calidad de construcción del nido asociado a un aumento del 26±6% (p < 0,05) de neuronas dañadas en comparación con el grupo WT. Conclusiones: El deterioro de la capacidad para llevar a cabo las actividades de la vida diaria (en el hombre) y la construcción del nido (en el ratón 3xTg-AD) están relacionados con las alteraciones en los circuitos nerviosos observados en la EA. Estas alteraciones son controladas por el hipocampo que en el análisis post mortem (en el humano), así como en la región CA1 (en el modelo de ratón 3xTg-AD) se han relacionado con alteraciones en el depósito de las proteínas Aß y tau que comienzan a acumularse al inicio de la EA (AU)

Introduction: Different animal models for Alzheimer disease (AD) have been designed to support the hypothesis that the neurodegeneration (loss of neurons and synapses with reactive gliosis) associated with A_ and tau deposition in these models is similar to that in the human brain. These alterations produce functional changes beginning with decreased ability to carry out daily and social life activities, memory loss, and neuropsychiatric disorders in general. Neuronal alteration plays an important role in early stages of the disease, especially in the CA1 area of hippocampus in both human and animal models. Methods: Two groups (WT and 3xTg-AD) of 11-month-old female mice were used in a behavioural analysis (nest building) and a morphometric analysis of the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. Results: The 3xTg-AD mice showed a 50% reduction in nest quality associated with a significant increase in damaged neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area (26%±6%, P < .05) compared to the WT group. Conclusions: The decreased ability to carry out activities of daily living (humans) or nest building (3xTg-AD mice) is related to the neuronal alterations observed in AD. These alterations are controlled by the hippocampus. Post-mortem analyses of the human hippocampus, and the CA1 region in 3xTg-AD mice, show that these areas are associated with alterations in the deposition of A_ and tau proteins, which start accumulating in the early stages of AD (AU)

[Morphological analysis of the hippocampal region associated with an innate behaviour task in the transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) for Alzheimer disease]. / Análisis morfológico de la región del hipocampo asociado a una tarea conductual innata en el modelo de ratón transgénico (3xTg-AD) para la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION: Different animal models for Alzheimer disease (AD) have been designed to support the hypothesis that the neurodegeneration (loss of neurons and synapses with reactive gliosis) associated with Aß and tau deposition in these models is similar to that in the human brain. These alterations produce functional changes beginning with decreased ability to carry out daily and social life activities, memory loss, and neuropsychiatric disorders in general. Neuronal alteration plays an important role in early stages of the disease, especially in the CA1 area of hippocampus in both human and animal models. METHODS: Two groups (WT and 3xTg-AD) of 11-month-old female mice were used in a behavioural analysis (nest building) and a morphometric analysis of the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. RESULTS: The 3xTg-AD mice showed a 50% reduction in nest quality associated with a significant increase in damaged neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area (26%±6%, P<.05) compared to the WT group. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased ability to carry out activities of daily living (humans) or nest building (3xTg-AD mice) is related to the neuronal alterations observed in AD. These alterations are controlled by the hippocampus. Post-mortem analyses of the human hippocampus, and the CA1 region in 3xTg-AD mice, show that these areas are associated with alterations in the deposition of Aß and tau proteins, which start accumulating in the early stages of AD.