Evaluación de actitudes sexuales machistas en universitarios: primeros datos psicométricos de las versiones españolas de la Double Standard Scale (DSS) y de la Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS) / Evaluating sexist attitudes with university students: First psychometric data of Spanish versions of the Double Standard Scale (DSS) and the Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS)

En este estudio se presentan los primeros datos psicométricos en muestras españolas dedos instrumentos que evalúan actitudes sexuales machistas: la Double Standard Scale(DSS) y la Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS). Las dos escalas, junto con la SexualOpinion Survey (SOS), fueron administradas a una muestra de estudiantes universitarios(151 hombres y 249 mujeres). Los resultados replicaron la estructura unidimensional paracada una de las escalas acorde al planteamiento de sus autores. La estimación de lafiabilidad mediante alfa de Cronbach mostró coeficientes similares a los de las versionesoriginales: entre 0,70 y 0,76 para la DSS, entre 0,91 y 0,92 para la RSAS. Los resultadosde las correlaciones hipotetizadas con las puntuaciones en actitudes negativas hacia lasexualidad -erotofobia y homofobia- proporcionaron evidencias sobre la validez de lasmediciones de la DSS y la RSAS. Por otra parte, en vista de que algunos ítems semostraron problemáticos en nuestros análisis, se sugiere la necesidad de depurar ambosinstrumentos en próximos estudios. Finalmente, se discute la presencia de prejuiciossexuales en la sociedad actual(AU)

First psychometric data of two questionnaires assessing sexist attittudes on Spanishsamples are introduced in this paper: Double Standard Scale (DSS) and Rape SupportiveAttitude Scale (RSAS). Both scales, along with the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS), wereadministrated to university students (151 men and 249 women). In accordance with theirauthors’ proposal, our findings reproduced the single-factor structure on each scale. Reliabilityestimation through Cronbach’s alpha evidenced similar coefficients to those reported withthe original scales, ranging from .70 to .76 for the DSS, and from .91 to .92 for the RSAS.Hypothesized correlations with the scores on negative attitudes toward sexuality -erotophobiaand homophobia- provided evidence that supports the measurement validity of the DSSand the RSAS. On the other hand, regarding some problematic items from our analyses,the need to refine both instruments in future research is suggested. Finally, the presenceof sexual prejudices in our society is discussed(AU)

Further examination of measurement properties of Spanish version of the Sexual Desire Inventory with undergraduates and adolescent students.

The factor structure and construct validity of a Spanish version of Spector, Carey, and Steinberg's Sexual Desire Inventory was examined with structural equation modelling and a nonclinical sample (N = 608). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that Dyadic and Solitary sexual desire scales measured two factorially distinct constructs. Their internal consistency reliabilities were .87 and .88, respectively. Structural equation analysis indicated that both subscales are distinguishable from similarly conceptualized correlates of sexual desire: the Impersonal subscale of the Sex Fantasy Questionnaire and the Erotophilia measure of the Sexual Opinion Survey. However, the data raised some questions about an empirical distinction between dyadic sexual desire and intimate sexual fantasy.

Confirmatory factor analysis of a Spanish version of the sex fantasy questionnaire: assessing gender differences.

The objective of this study was to validate the factor structure of Wilson's Sex Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ; Wilson, 1978; Wilson & Lang, 1981) using a Spanish version. In order to do this, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis on two nonclinical samples containing 195 men and 315 women. Both groups were tested for the structure proposed by Wilson and also for some alternative models. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that four factors were reasonably distinct, especially for the men. We proposed shortened version of the instrument that would have sufficient psychometric guarantees for assessing sexual fantasies in both genders. This abridged version improved the fit of the four-factor oblique factor equally for both the samples of men and women. In the light of the results of the validation hypothesis established with some criterion variables (dyadic sexual desire, unconventional sex, homophobia), we discuss discrepancies between both versions.

Culpabilidad sexual en adolescentes: estudio de algunos factores relacionados / Sex guilt in adolescents: studying some related factors

El propósito de este trabajo ha sido identificar la presencia de mitos sexuales entre los adolescentes, así como determinar el grado de culpabilidad sexual que éstos experimentan de acuerdo a distintos criterios sociodemográficos, comportamentales y cognitivos. Una muestra de 174 estudiantes con edades entre 14 y 17 años completó la Batería Exploratoria de Sexualidad (BES-III. Actitudes), la escala de culpabilidad sexual del In-ventario de Culpabilidad Revisado de Mosher (RMGI), el Inventario de Actitudes Negativas hacia la Masturbación (NAMI), el Cuestionario de Fantasías Sexuales (SFQ) y la Encuesta de Opinión Sexual (SOS). Se encontró que la presencia de determinados mitos sexuales estaba asociada al sexo del individuo y al tamaño de la población de residencia. Las actitudes negativas hacia la masturbación y la abstinencia de su práctica, el sexo no convencional y las fantasías sexuales exploratorias se mostraron vinculadas a una mayor culpabilidad sexual; sin embargo, la práctica masturbatoria, mantener relaciones sexuales con una sola pareja, las actitudes erotofílicas y las fantasías íntimas revelaron menor culpabilidad sexual. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados sobre la necesidad de educación sexual en los adolescentes, así como el papel coercitivo que algunos dispositivos sociales parecen ejercer sobre el tema

The aim of this study has been to identify the presence of sexual myths among adolescents, as well as to determine the level of sex guilt they experience according to many sociodemographic, behavioral and cognitive criterias. A sample of 174 students with age ranging from 14 to 17 years completed the Exploratory Battery of Sexuality (BES-III. Atti-tudes), sex guilt scale taken from the Mosher Guilt Inventory-Revised (RMGI), the Negative Attitudes toward Masturbation Inventory (NAMI), the Sex Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ), and the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS). It was found that the presence of certain sexual myths was related to the individual’s sex and to population size by place of residence. Negative attitudes toward masturbation and masturbatory abstinence, unconventional sex, and exploratory sexual fantasies were shown linked to a higher sex guilt; however, practicing masturbation, having sex with a single partner, erotophilic attitudes, and intimate fantasies revealed lower sex guilt. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the necessity of sex education for teenagers, also the coercive role that some social devices seem to play on this topic

Evaluación de la relación entre rasgos psicopatológicos de la personalidad y la calidad del sueño

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Abstract: Introduction. Diverse studies llave demonstrated the relationship between psychopathology and sleep alterations. Data proceeding from the ambulatory psychiatric field show that 70-75% of the patients experience sleep problems. The most frequent complaints refer to nighttime sleep alterations, excessive daytime sleep, difficulty with morning waking, and disturbances in the circadian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle. Many studies, most of which use patient samples, have associated psychopathological personality traits and sleep disorders. All of these studies reveal that subjects with sleep disorder tend to be characterized by psychopathological traits (anxiety, psychasthenia, depression, etc.). There is some evidence that the structure of some dream dysfunctions (such as insomnia) is similar among general population and psychiatric samples; differences are more quantitative than qualitative. In samples of university students, the percentage of individuals who report bad sleep quality has been similar to the percentage of insomniacs in general population. With the aim to delve more deeply into the analogy between the sleep quality of normal subjects and clinical samples, and given the shortage of studies relating psychopathological traits of personality and sleep quality in normal population, this study intends to explore the relationship between the psychopathological personality variables included in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the sleep quality evaluated with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index in a sample ofsubjects who have no diagnosed sleep disorder. The psychopathological variables included in the MMPI-2 which predict sleep quality in a non-clinical sample are also determined. Methodology. A sample of 222 individuals (186 women and 36 men) with a mean age of 21.65 years (SD=2.81) completes the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which provide an overall sleep quality measure and seven partial scores for different dimensions: Subjective sleep quality, Sleep latency, Sleep duration, Sleep habit efficiency, Sleep alterations, the use of hypnotic medication, and daytime dysfunction. Results. Some psychopathological traits (hypochondria, anxiety, and depression) correlate positively with almost all of the sleep quality dimensions comprising the PSQI. From a logistic regression model developed to predict the probability of being a good or bad sleeper, hypochondria and anxiety are the only statistically significant predictors. Discussion and conclusions. Human sleep, from a behavioral perspective, would be explained from four different dimensions: Circadian time (sleep-wake cycle situation on the nictemero), Organism (intrinsic factors such as age, sleep patterns, emotional states, etc.), Behavior (facilitating or inhibiting behaviors), and Environment (temperature, light, noise, etc.). Psychopathological personality traits, the main objective of this study, can also be included within the second component (organism). Previous studies using the MMPI have associated insomnia to high anxiety levels, depression, hypochondria, hysteria, and psychasthenia. The MMPI has also been considered to be a useful instrument in identifying different personality profiles ininsomnia subjects. There are, however, only a few studies focusing on the relationship between these personality traits and sleep quality in normal subjects. The results indicate that this study sample the subjects do not present serious sleep disorders. All of the components pertaining to the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index present mean scores below the middle response range, situated in 1.5. However, if we consider the total score and bear in mind that a score of five is the cut-off point used to differentiate good sleepers from bad sleepers, we can classify 45.94% of the sample as bad sleepers. In considering the scores for the different MMPI-2 clinical scales, we should mention that none of them reached the typical score of 60; therefore no trait was found to be clinically significant. Some psychopathological traits are linked to almost all of the sleep quality dimensions. Hypochondria, anxiety, and depression are present in the associations with subjective sleep quality, disturbances, or daytime sleepiness. Though no stronger relations between use of hypnotic medication and psychopathological traits have been found (none of them above 0.30), a similar trend on patients dependent on benzodiazepines (predominating traits as depression, psychasthenia and schizophrenia) has been showed. It is also important to point out the relationship between daily dysfunction and the WRK scale (work interferences), which reveals the negative effects of daytime sleepiness, even in subjects who do not present important sleep disorders, as in this sample. On the other hand, the relationship between daily dysfunction and hypochondria, depression, and schizophrenia found in this study has previously been verified in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. When considering the global score, we can clearly inform that health concerns (reflected in the Hs, HEA, and Hy scales) and the negative emotional states (D, ANX, and DEP scales) are related to sleep quality. These two factors (health concerns and anxiety) are part of the regression model, revealing that an increase in hypochondria and anxiety scores significantly increases the probability of being a bad sleeper, that is to say, of having a poor sleep quality. This explicative model presents a good predictive capacity which allows us to correctly classify 68.50% of the sample. We can correctly predict 78.30% of the good sleepers and 53.90% ofthe bad sleepers (scores higher than 5 on the Pittsburg global index), which grants the model an adequate specificity and sensibility. It is, however, necessary to consider that data used for the estimation respond to a range of restricted scores, causing any effect to be much less important than if we had worked with a more heterogeneous group of subjects. For example, global sleep quality scores can oscillate between 0 and 21, but in our sample they are comprised between 0 and 15. It is possible that, in including subjects who present high scores on the scales used in this study, a greater number of significant sleep quality predictors with greater magnitudes would be emphasized. Nevertheless, our interest resides in exploring the relationship between health concerns, anxiety and depression levels, and sleep quality in a non-clinical sample. So far, this relationship has not been explored in depth. One common limitation of these non-randomized studies is the difficulty to generalize findings to the normal population. Nevertheless, we assume higher possibilities to generalize findings if our study results are similar to those obtained from other non-clinical samples. In conclusion, health concerns and anxiety levels are the psychopathological traits most related to sleep quality and which hold a certain capacity to determine this quality in a sample of normal subjects. Both variables are clearly related to insomnia, as has been revealed in many insomnia patient studies. Therefore, we can verify that the pattern followed in the relationship between psychopathological traits and sleep quality in a non-clinical sample is similar to that found in sleep disorder patient samples, supporting that relationship between psychopathological traits and sleep quality in normal subjects opposite to patients with dream disorders can be drawn more easily from a quantitative than a qualitative approach.

Consumo y deuda en adultos jóvenes: evaluacion desde u modelo integrador de la conducta económica / Comsumption and debt in yound adults: Evaluation using an integrative model of economic behavior

En este trabajo se exploran los vínculos entre variables del modelo de van Raaij (1981) en una muestra de adultos jóvenes colombianos. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un cuestionario que recoge todas las variables en formato estructurado. Los resultados muestran un apoyo parcial para las hipótesis planteadas: los ingresos familiares y los niveles de endeudamiento se relacionan con la percepción que estos individuos poseen acerca de su situación financiera; sin embargo, esas percepciones no parecen ser determinantes en los hábitos de consumo, pues éstos vienen definidos tanto por el nivel de ingresos como por otros elementos, entre los que se encuentra la actitud hacia la deuda. En cualquier caso, el consumo responsable mejora la satisfacción de los individuos con su conducta, este bienestar subjetivo se asocia a percepciones más favorables sobre la situación económica. En vista de los resultados, la implicación de factores personales y del contexto macrosocial son discutidos

Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: tres conceptos a diferenciar / Anxiety,angt, and stress: three concepts to differ

El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de los conceptos de ansiedad, angustia y estrés, a fin de delimitar el solapamiento entre los mismos (especialmente entre ansiedad y angustia, por una parte,y ansiedad y estrés, por otra); también, se pretende identificar aspectos que hacen posible la diferenciación de estos conceptos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, ofrecemos una introcción general sobre la confusión conceptual que se há producido en torno a dichos térmicos, aportando evidencias empíricas y reflejando la situación actual. A continuación, seguimos una estructura similarpara los tres conceptos: (1) una introducción, (2) un recorrido histórico sobre cada uno de ellos (recogiendo definiciones de distintas fuentes) y, (3) un apartado dedicado a los distintos marcos teóricos que se han planteado en torno a éstos, tomando las aportaciones de diferentes disciplinas, como la Psicologia (incluyendo aproximaciones como la conductual, la cognitiva-conductual, la psicodinámica), la Filosofia, la Física, entre otras. Por último, desarrollamos algunas conclusiones y proponemos directrices para la investigación ulterior en le tema (AU)