Clonal spread of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis in patients admitted to a referral hospital located in Burgos, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis (FRCP) is a matter of concern in Spain. OBJECTIVES: We here report a FRCP spread across a 777-bed referral hospital located in Burgos, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic. PATIENTS/METHODS: In April 2021, an FRCP isolate (MIC = 64 mg/L, E-test®) from a hospitalised patient was detected. Up to June 2022, all C. parapsilosis isolates (n = 35) from hospitalised patients (n = 32) were stored and genotyped using microsatellite markers, and their antifungal susceptibilities were studied (EUCAST); FRCP isolates were molecularly characterised. RESULTS: We detected 26 FRCP isolates collected between 2021 (n = 8) and 2022 (n = 18); isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, echinocandins and ibrexafungerp. FRCP isolates were grouped into three genotypes: CP-707 and CP-708 involved isolates harbouring the Y132F + R398I ERG11p substitutions (n = 24) and were clonally related; the remaining CP-675 genotype involved isolates harbouring the G458S ERG11p substitution (n = 2). FRCP genotypes were genetically related to the FRCP genotypes found in Madrid and were unrelated to fluconazole-susceptible ones. Patients harbouring FRCP were mainly (n = 22/23) admitted to intensive care units. Most patients had received broad-spectrum antibiotics (n = 22/23), and/or antifungal therapy with azoles (n = 14/23) within the 30 days prior to FRCP isolation. Thirteen patients were colonised, 10 of whom were infected and presented candidaemia (n = 8/10), endovascular infection (n = 1/10) or complicated urinary infection (n = 1/10). Overall nonattributable 30-day mortality was 17% (n = 4/23). CONCLUSIONS: We report an outbreak caused by FRCP affecting patients admitted to the ICU of a referral hospital located in Burgos. Patients harbouring FRCP had a higher fluconazole use than those carrying susceptible isolates.

The CARBA-MAP study: national mapping of carbapenemases in Spain (2014-2018).

Introduction: Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including isolates producing acquired carbapenemases, constitute a prevalent health problem worldwide. The primary objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the different carbapenemases among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE, specifically Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Klebsiella aerogenes) and carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa (CPPA) in Spain from January 2014 to December 2018. Methods: A national, retrospective, cross-sectional multicenter study was performed. The study included the first isolate per patient and year obtained from clinical samples and obtained for diagnosis of infection in hospitalized patients. A structured questionnaire was completed by the participating centers using the REDCap platform, and results were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0.0. Results: A total of 2,704 carbapenemase-producing microorganisms were included, for which the type of carbapenemase was determined in 2692 cases: 2280 CPE (84.7%) and 412 CPPA (15.3%), most often using molecular methods and immunochromatographic assays. Globally, the most frequent types of carbapenemase in Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa were OXA-48-like, alone or in combination with other enzymes (1,523 cases, 66.8%) and VIM (365 cases, 88.6%), respectively. Among Enterobacterales, carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae was reported in 1821 cases (79.9%), followed by E. cloacae complex in 334 cases (14.6%). In Enterobacterales, KPC is mainly present in the South and South-East regions of Spain and OXA-48-like in the rest of the country. Regarding P. aeruginosa, VIM is widely distributed all over the country. Globally, an increasing percentage of OXA-48-like enzymes was observed from 2014 to 2017. KPC enzymes were more frequent in 2017-2018 compared to 2014-2016. Discussion: Data from this study help to understand the situation and evolution of the main species of CPE and CPPA in Spain, with practical implications for control and optimal treatment of infections caused by these multi-drug resistant organisms.

Dalbavancin for treating prosthetic joint infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: A proposal for a low dose strategy. A retrospective cohort study / Dalbavancina para el tratamiento de infección periprotésica causada por microorganismos grampositivos. Propuesta para una estrategia con dosis bajas. Un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes

BACKGROUND: Gram-positive bacteria are the leading cause of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with remarkable pharmacokinetic properties and high bactericidal activity against most Gram-positive bacteria. Although clear evidence regarding its effectiveness in bone and joint infections lacks, recent studies suggest a promising role of dalbavancin in PJI. METHODS: From June 1st 2016 to May 1st 2018, all patients diagnosed of PJI and treated with DAL alone or in combination with other drugs were retrospectively evaluated. Dalbavancin susceptibility of every isolate was studied following CLSI criteria. The primary objective was to assess the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the drug in patients with PJI. A cost-analysis was performed following the DALBUSE study methodology. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were treated with dalbavancin, eight with total hip arthroplasty infection (THAi) and eight with total knee arthroplasty infection (TKAi). Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. were the microorganisms involved. No major side effects were detected. Infection resolved in 12 patients. In 2 patients the treatment failed, and another patient died due to unrelated causes. One patient is currently being treated for hematogenous-spread knee infection secondary to prosthetic aortic arch endocarditis. After discontinuation of dalbavancin, and excluding patients who died or with clinical failure, the median follow up of the cohort was 503 days (interquartile range IQR, 434.5 to 567 days). We calculate that US$ 264,769 were saved. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that dalbavancin treatment for PJI caused by Gram-positive bacteria is a safe and effective option that reduces hospital stay and costs. Future reports are needed to confirm these findings

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bacterias grampositivas son la principal causa de infección periprotésica (IPP). Dalbavancina es un lipoglicopéptido con interesantes propiedades farmacocinéticas y una importante actividad bactericida frente a la mayoría de grampositivos. Aunque aún necesitamos mayor evidencia en relación con su uso en infección osteoarticular, estudios recientes sugieren un papel importante de dalbavancina en la IPP. MÉTODOS: Desde el 1 de Junio de 2016 al 1 de Mayo de 2018, todos los pacientes diagnosticados con IPP y tratados con dalbavancina sola o en combinación con otros fármacos fueron evaluados de forma retrospectiva. La sensibilidad a dalbavancina de los aislamientos fue evaluada según las recomendaciones de CLSI. El objetivo primario fue determinar la eficacia y tolerabilidad del fármaco en pacientes con IPP. Se realizó un análisis de coste siguiendo la metodología descrita en el estudio DALBUSE. RESULTADOS: Dieciséis pacientes fueron tratados con dalbavancina, ocho con infección de prótesis total de cadera y ocho con infección de prótesis total de rodilla. Staphylococcus spp. y Enterococcus spp. fueron los microorganismos implicados. No hubo efectos adversos relevantes. La infección se resolvió en 12 pacientes. En dos pacientes el tratamiento falló, y otro paciente falleció por causas no relacionadas. Un paciente es actualmente en tratamiento supresor por infección por diseminación hematógena de prótesis total de rodilla a partir de endocarditis protésica aórtica. Tras la discontinuación de dalbavancina, y exceptuando los pacientes fallecidos y/o con fallo terapéutico, el seguimiento medio fue de 503 días (rango intercuartílico 434.5-567 dias). Se estimó un ahorro de 264.769 dólares USA. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio sugiere que dalbavancina para el tratamiento de IPP causada por microorganismos grampositivos es segura y una opción eficaz que reduce la estancia hospitalaria y los costes. Se precisan más comunicaciones para confirmar estos datos

Acute zoonotic total knee prosthetic joint infection due to Pasteurella multocida treated successfully with debridement, irrigation and antibiotics without prosthesis removal / Desbridamiento y tratamiento antibiótico en un caso de infección protésica de rodillla por Pasteurella multocida

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Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea por Helicobacter pylori en paciente cirrótico coinfectado por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y virus de la hepatitis C / Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Helicobacter pylori in a cirrhotic patient with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection

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Nocardia farcinica Brain Abscess: Report of 3 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system nocardial infection is a rarely reported disease that usually affects patients with predisposing and debilitating conditions but also the immunocompetent population. The most common variant affecting the brain is Nocardia farcinica. Management of brain nocardiosis is troublesome and requires consideration of the severity of the underlying systemic disease, the difficulties in identifying the bacterium, and the frequent delay in initiating adequate therapy. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present 3 cases of N. farcinica brain abscess (single, multiloculated, and multifocal) diagnosed in 3 patients with predisposing factors that could be successfully cured. The patients underwent craniotomy, evacuation of the purulent collection, and partial resection of the abscesses' walls. Confirmation of N. farcinica species was achieved using specific polymerase chain reaction sequencing of the 16S ribosome RNA gene. Antibiotic therapy was selected on susceptibility tests and was maintained for 10 months (1 case) and 12 months (2 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Brain nocardiosis needs to be suspected primarily (though not exclusively) in immunocompromised patients presenting with neurologic deficit and harboring intracerebral lesions resembling brain tumors. Early identification of the specific species is paramount in order to initiate long-term antibiotic therapy, acknowledging the inherent resistance of N. farcinica to third-generation cefalosporins and its susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. According to the literature, surgical excision or aspiration of the brain abscess seems to provide good chances of eradication of the disease. In our experience, successful outcome was achieved with subtotal resection and prolonged and adequate antibiotic therapy.