ABSTRACT
In 1975 the Hungarian educational system for midwives was shortened from a three year programme to one of ten months duration in order to provide a more immediate supply of midwives in a relatively short period of time, and to reduce the costs associated with midwifery education. Ten years after the educational programme change, a national survey of Hungarian midwives (n = 290) was conducted by the European Regional Office of the World Health Organization and the Hungarian Ministry of Health. This study describes the effects of the two educational programmes and years of practice on Hungarian midwives' self-perception of competency, satisfaction and summative score of responsibility and autonomy. Significantly different group mean scores on variables related to competency and satisfaction were found for the two groups.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing/organization & administration , Nurse Midwives , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Adult , Data Collection , Humans , Hungary , Job Satisfaction , Nurse Midwives/education , Nurse Midwives/psychology , Nurse Midwives/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Professional Autonomy , Professional Competence , Self ConceptABSTRACT
The European Community (EC) plans to create a single market for pharmaceutical medicines, but the drug industry is closely linked to cultural and societal values concerning health; to the national regulatory agencies responsible for the evaluation of safety, quality, and efficacy of new drugs; to multinational and domestic companies competing in national and international markets; and to varied interest groups of professionals and consumers organized along national and multinational lines. We review the history of the EC's policy proposals, examine reactions from all these interested parties, and assess the prospects for integration into a single market. The contentious debate that continues among the parties over national prerogatives, industrial interests, professional mandates, and consumer concerns clouds the prospects for a system of centralized drug registration that will be acceptable to all EC member states.
Subject(s)
Drug Approval , Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , European Union , Community Participation , Community-Institutional Relations , Drug Costs , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Drug and Narcotic Control , Europe , Government , Health Policy , International Cooperation , Interprofessional Relations , Legislation, DrugSubject(s)
Dentistry/standards , European Union , Legislation, Dental , Education, Dental , Europe , Interprofessional Relations , Italy , MedicineABSTRACT
The paper identifies many features of optometry which have changed in the fifteen years since the last paper by Orzack and Uglum; other aspects have remained surprisingly unchanged. Some of these developments could have been predicted from the analysis of the original article in 1958. This paper will be useful in evaluation of the directions in which optometry seems headed and will stimulate some planning for the future. Some of the questions raised and areas discussed will provoke contention among the optometric community and among others, and this can serve as the impetus for some critical optometric-sponsored research.
