Gestational growth trajectories derived from a dynamic fetal-placental scaling law.

Fetal trajectories characterizing growth rates in utero have relied primarily on goodness of fit rather than mechanistic properties exhibited in utero. Here, we use a validated fetal-placental allometric scaling law and a first principles differential equations model of placental volume growth to generate biologically meaningful fetal-placental growth curves. The growth curves form the foundation for understanding healthy versus at-risk fetal growth and for identifying the timing of key events in utero.

Prior Uterine Evacuation and the Risk of Short Cervical Length: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a prior uterine evacuation procedure is associated with an increased risk of short cervical length (≤20 mm) in women without prior spontaneous preterm birth. METHODS: This work was a retrospective cohort study from January 2012 to December 2014 of singletons without prior spontaneous preterm birth with cervical length screening between 18 weeks and 23 weeks 6 days. Women with a prior miscarriage/abortion were excluded if management (medical, surgical, or expectant) was not specified. Prior uterine evacuation was defined as dilation and curettage or dilation and evacuation of a spontaneous or induced abortion. The primary outcome was the risk of short cervical length (≤20 mm) among women with and without 1 of more prior uterine evacuations at any gestational age, assessed by the odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio for confounders. RESULTS: Of 2672 women included, 714 (27%) had at least 1 prior uterine evacuation. The overall incidence of short cervical length in the cohort was 1% (n = 27). Women with at least 1 prior uterine evacuation were more likely to be African American (64% versus 41%; P < .001), smoke (14% versus 8%; P < .001), have a higher body mass index (mean ± SD, 28.1 ± 7.1 versus 26.8 ± 7.1 kg/m2 ; P < .001), and have had prior full-term delivery (60% versus 41%; P < .001). Women with at least 1 prior uterine evacuation had a significantly higher incidence of short cervical length (2% versus 0.7%; P = .003; odds ratio, 2.99 [95% confidence interval, 1.40-6.40]). After adjustment for confounders, prior uterine evacuation remained a source of increased risk of short cervical length (adjusted odds ratio, 2.63 [95% confidence interval, 1.19-5.80]). CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall incidence of short cervical length is low (1%-2%), women with at least 1 prior uterine evacuation have at least a 2-fold increased risk of a short second-trimester cervical length compared to women without a prior uterine evacuation.

Second-trimester cervical length and outcomes of induction of labor at term.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether second-trimester cervical length (CL) is associated with induction of labor (IOL) outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of nulliparous singletons undergoing CL screening at 18 0/7-23 6/7 weeks from 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2013. Women induced at term (≥37 weeks) were included. Primary outcome was vaginal delivery (VD) within 24 h. The effect of CL on outcomes was assessed by incidence across CL quartiles and a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted (aOR) for confounders. RESULTS: Two-hundred-and-sixty-eight women were included. Aside from a difference in incidence of prior cervical surgery between CL quartiles (p <. 02), other characteristics were similar. Ninety-two women (35%) had a VD within 24 h (versus a CD or VD >24 h). A longer a CL was associated with a decreased likelihood of a VD within 24 h with aORs of the third and fourth quartiles of 0.35 (0.16-0.75) and 0.43 (0.21-0.90), respectively, compared to the first quartile. A CL >40 mm was predictive of not having a VD within 24 h with a sensitivity of 56%, specificity of 58% and a positive predictive value of 72%. CONCLUSION: A second-trimester CL >40 mm is associated with a decreased likelihood of VD within 24 h in an IOL.

Cervical length in adolescents versus adults.

PURPOSE: Two of the known risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) are short cervical length (CL) ≤ 25 mm and adolescence (≤19 years). Our objective was to evaluate whether adolescent women have a higher incidence of short CL compared to their 20-24 year old counterparts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort of nulliparous singleton gestations undergoing universal second trimester transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) CL screening between January 2012 and June 2013. Adolescent women ≤19 years of age were compared to women 20-24 years of age. Primary outcomes were mean CL and incidence of CL ≤25 mm. Secondary outcomes were incidence of PTB <37 weeks, delivery mode, birth weight, and NICU admission. RESULTS: One hundred and five adolescents and 236 women 20-24 years underwent TVU CL screening. There was no difference in mean CL (40.6 mm vs. 40.6 mm, p = 0.51) or incidence of CL ≤25 mm (1.0% vs. 1.7%; OR 0.56 [0.06-5.1]). After controlling for maternal differences, there still was no significant correlation between maternal age and CL. There was no significant difference in PTB, birth weight, or NICU admission between the groups. CL measurements did not significantly differ across all maternal ages (14-42 years). CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in mean CL or incidence of CL ≤25 mm among adolescents compared to women 20-24 years.

Racial disparities in cervical length for prediction of preterm birth in a low risk population.

PURPOSE: Racial minorities experience higher rates of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Our objective was to evaluate whether there are racial discrepancies in the incidence of second trimester short cervical length (≤25 mm). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort of women with singleton gestations without prior sPTB undergoing universal second trimester transvaginal ultrasound cervical length (CL) screening between January 2012 and December 2013. Black women were compared to non-Hispanic white women. Our primary outcome was the incidence of CL ≤25 mm. Secondary outcomes were incidence of PTB ≤37 weeks, delivery mode, birth weight and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. RESULTS: Black women (n = 1092) differed from non-Hispanic white women (n = 659) with respect to maternal age (26.0 versus 30.7 years), gravidity (3.1 versus 2.1), prepregnancy BMI (29.6 versus 25.0 kg/m2), and smoking status (9.8% versus 16%), respectively (p < 0.001). Black women had higher incidence of CL ≤25 mm (1.9% versus 0.6%; OR: 3.21 [1.1-9.4]), rates of sPTB (8.5% versus 4.4%; aOR: 1.95 [1.1-3.4]), incidence of low birthweight infants (<2500 g, 8.3% versus 5.6%; aOR 1.80 [1.1-3.0]) and were more likely to have their infants admitted to the NICU (16% versus 11%; OR: 1.52 [1.0-2.3]). CONCLUSIONS: Black women had a 2.8-fold increased risk of CL ≤25 mm compared non-Hispanic white women in a low-risk population.

Cervical Length Screening in Asymptomatic Women at High Risk and Low Risk for Spontaneous Preterm Birth.

Cervical length (CL) screening should be offered to singletons because there are interventions for those with a short CL. A transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) is the "gold standard" for CL. In singletons with prior spontaneous preterm birth, serial TVU CL screening is recommended between 16 and 23 6/7 weeks. Universal TVU CL screening between 18 and 24 weeks may be considered for low-risk singletons with the administration of vaginal progesterone for TVU CL≤20 mm; alternatively, transabdominal ultrasound CL screening may be considered with reflux to TVU CL screening for a transabdominal ultrasound CL<35 mm or inadequate visualization. CL screening is not recommended in multiples.

Second trimester cervical length and prolonged pregnancy (.).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether second trimester transvaginal ultrasound cervical length (CL) is associated with prolonged pregnancy (≥41 0/7 weeks) in nulliparous women who reach term (≥37 weeks) with a planned vaginal delivery. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of nulliparous singletons 18 0/7-23 6/7 weeks gestation undergoing CL screening from 1/1/12 to 12/31/13. Women who delivered at term with spontaneous labor or reached 41 weeks were included. Primary outcome was incidence of prolonged pregnancy. Risk of prolonged pregnancy was assessed by CL quartile using odds ratio, adjusted for confounders (aOR) and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: 722 women were included, among them 171 (24%) had a prolonged pregnancy. There was a significant difference in BMI and race across CL quartiles. The aOR of having a prolonged pregnancy with CL in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 versus quartile 1 were 2.14(1.27-3.62), 2.72(1.59-4.65), and 1.69(1.02-3.03), respectively. CL ≥ 37 mm (beyond first quartile) was associated with a two-fold increased risk of prolonged pregnancy versus CL < 37 mm, (27% vs 15%, p < 0.01, aOR 2.17 (1.38-3.41)). ROC curve did not identify a CL cutoff that was predictive of prolonged pregnancy (AUC 0.544, p = 0.079). CONCLUSIONS: Although a longer second trimester CL is associated with an increased risk for prolonged pregnancy, it is not predictive.

Severe First Trimester Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a disorder of defective bile acid transport that results in systemic accumulation of bile acids and typically presents in the third trimester of pregnancy with intense pruritus. A positive linear correlation exists between total bile acid level and poor pregnancy outcome, and labor is typically induced at 37 weeks gestation to prevent intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Case Study We present the most severe reported case of recurrent ICP presenting early in the first trimester. The patient was delivered by repeat cesarean section at 31 (6/7) weeks gestation resulting in a viable female infant. Conclusion Iatrogenic preterm delivery may be indicated in early-severe recurrent ICP to prevent IUFD, but more research is needed.

Cervical length, risk factors, and delivery outcomes among women with spontaneous preterm birth.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate differences in risk factors and delivery outcomes among women with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) with short (≤25 mm) versus normal (>25 mm) cervical length (CL). METHODS: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of singleton gestations between 18 0/7 and 23 6/7 weeks, without prior sPTB, undergoing universal transvaginal CL screening between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2013. Only women with sPTB (<37 0/7 weeks) were included. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for sPTB, delivery outcomes and presentation of PTB were collected. The primary outcome was mean number of risk factors. RESULTS: The cohort included 2071 women, of which 145 (7%) had PTB and 84 (4%) had sPTB. Sixty-nine (82%) women with sPTB had a CL >25 mm and 15 (18%) had a CL≤25 mm. Women with a short CL did not differ from women with normal CL with respect to demographic variables or mean number of risk factors (4.20 ± 2.11 versus 3.52 ± 1.97, p = 0.23), but they did deliver at a significantly earlier gestational age (25.0 ± 1.1 versus 34.6 ± 3.1 weeks, p < 0.01). The distribution of the presentation of sPTB was different in women with a short versus normal CL (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Among women with sPTB, women with a short CL had similar number of risk factors, but were more likely to deliver at a significantly earlier gestational age. A short CL identifies women at risk for very early sPTB.

Second Trimester Cervical Length and Its Association with Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Delivery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between cervical length (CL) and trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) delivery. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study evaluated second trimester CL and likelihood of successful TOLAC. Women undergoing TOLAC from January 2009 to December 2011 who underwent transvaginal ultrasound CL between 18(0/7) to 23(6/7) weeks gestation were included. The threshold for CL was assessed using a receiver operating characteristics curve, with ≥ 45 mm determined to be the optimal threshold. Women with CL < 45 mm were compared with women with CL ≥ 45 mm with respect to TOLAC. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the association of CL with TOLAC. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients met inclusion criteria, 14 (31%) with a long CL (≥ 45 mm) and 31 (69%) with CL < 45 mm. Groups did not differ in demographics or factors predictive of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) delivery. More women with CL < 45 mm had successful VBAC (81%) than women with long CL (43%, relative risk 1.9, p = 0.03). Prior vaginal delivery and CL < 45 mm were both significant predictors of VBAC (odds ratio 1.8 and 2.0, respectively). CONCLUSION: CL < 45 mm is associated with VBAC.

Cost-effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasound cervical length screening in singletons without a prior preterm birth: an update.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to reevaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) cervical length (CL) screening in singleton pregnancies without prior spontaneous preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: We developed a decision model to assess costs and effects of universal TVU CL screening at 18-23 weeks' gestation compared to routine care for singleton pregnancies without prior preterm birth. Based on recent data, the model contains the following updates: (1) reduced incidence of CL ≤20 mm at initial screening ultrasound (0.83%), (2) vaginal progesterone supplementation for women with CL ≤20 mm, (3) additional ultrasound(s) for women with CL 21-24.9 mm, and (4) the assumption that vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth <34 weeks' gestation by 39% if a short CL is diagnosed. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. We assumed a willingness to pay of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Additional outcomes included incidence of offspring with long-term neurological deficits and neonatal death. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS: For every 100,000 women screened, universal TVU CL screening costs $9132 compared to routine care. Screening results in 215 QALYs gained and 10 fewer neonatal deaths or neonates with long-term neurologic deficits per 100,000 women screened. Based on the updated data, universal CL screening in low-risk women remains a cost-effective strategy (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio = $43/QALY), but is not cost saving as previously estimated. Sensitivity analyses reveal that when incidence of TVU CL ≤20 mm is <0.31%, universal TVU CL screening is no longer cost-effective. Additionally, when TVU CL costs >$314, progesterone reduces preterm delivery risk before 34 weeks <19%, or the incidence of a TVU CL 21-24.9 mm is >6.5%, CL screening is also no longer cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Despite the reduced incidence and efficacy used in this model, universal TVU CL continues to be cost-effective when compared to routine care in singletons without prior preterm birth.

Is universal cervical length screening indicated in women with prior term birth?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether universal transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) cervical length (CL) screening is indicated in women with prior term births. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective cohort study from Jan. 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013, of singleton gestations between 18 0/7-23 6/7 weeks undergoing TVU CL screening for prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Women with a prior sPTB, with cerclage, and without delivery data available were excluded. Primary outcomes were the incidence of a CL ≤20 mm, and rates of sPTB <37, <34, and <32 weeks gestation among women with prior term births vs nulliparous women. RESULTS: A total of 1569 women underwent TVU CL screening; 18 women with a prior iatrogenic preterm birth were excluded. Of those screened, 756 (48.7%) had a prior term delivery and 795 (51.3%) were nulliparous. Women with prior term births differed from nulliparous women with respect to age, body mass index, race, smoking status, and prior dilation and curettage. After adjustment for these confounders, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of CL ≤20 mm (0.8 vs 1.4%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-1.03) among women with prior term births compared with nulliparous women. Rates of sPTB <37, <34, <32 weeks were similar in women with a prior term birth compared with nulliparous women. The overall incidence of sPTB <37 weeks was 3.2% in women with a prior term birth and 5.0% in nulliparous women. When a CL ≤20 mm was identified, 3 of 6 women with prior term birth delivered at <37 weeks compared with 8 of 11 nulliparous women. There were no identified differences between the odds of sPTB between women with a CL ≤20 mm who had a prior term birth compared with nulliparous women. CONCLUSION: Women with prior term birth have a trend toward a lower incidence of CL ≤20 mm, compared with nulliparous women. Further studies are needed to determine whether women with prior term births should be included or excluded from TVU CL screening.

A universal transvaginal cervical length screening program for preterm birth prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a universal transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening program on the incidence of a cervical length 20 mm or less and adherence to the management protocol for a cervical length less than 25 mm. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of women with singleton gestations 18 0/7 to 23 6/7 weeks of gestation eligible for universal transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening over an 18-month period. Only women receiving antenatal care at our institution were included. Women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth and without delivery data available were excluded. A transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length of less than 25 mm was managed according to a predetermined protocol. Primary outcomes were the incidence of a cervical length 20 mm or less and adherence to the management protocol for a cervical length less than 25 mm. Secondary outcomes were the incidences of spontaneous preterm birth at less than 37, less than 34, or less than 32 weeks of gestation among women undergoing transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening compared with those not screened. RESULTS: One thousand five hundred sixty-nine of 2,171 (72.3%) eligible women underwent transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening. Overall, 17 (1.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-1.74) women had a cervical length 20 mm or less before 24 weeks of gestation. Management protocol deviations occurred in nine women with a cervical length less than 25 mm (43%, 95% CI 24.3-63.5). There was no difference in the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation (4.1 compared with 4.7%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.57-1.45), less than 34 weeks of gestation (1.5 compared with 1.3%, adjusted OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.52-2.74), or less than 32 weeks of gestation (0.8 compared with 0.8%, adjusted OR 0.0.76, 95% CI 0.26-2.25) among women receiving transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening compared with those not screened. CONCLUSION: In a universal transvaginal ultrasonogram cervical length screening program, the incidence of a cervical length 20 mm or less was 1.1% in women with singleton gestations without prior spontaneous preterm birth. Protocol deviations occurred in 43% of women with a cervical length less than 25 mm. The incidence of spontaneous preterm birth was similar among women undergoing transvaginal cervical length screening compared with those not screened. LEVEL OF EVIEDENCE: II.

Implementation of a universal cervical length screening program for the prevention of preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to evaluate the implementation and acceptability of a universal cervical length (CL) screening program for prediction and prevention of preterm birth (PTB). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective observational study to evaluate the implementation and acceptability of a universal CL screening program. Between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012, women with singleton gestations, without a cerclage or prior spontaneous PTB, were offered transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) for CL between 18(0/7) and 23(6/7) weeks' gestation. Sonographers and medical staff received education before implementation. Intervention for a short CL was interpreted according to a standard protocol. On June 1, 2012, our program was modified from "opt-in" to "opt-out." SPSS 20.0 (released 2011, IBM statistics for Windows version 20, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for analysis. RESULTS: Over 12 months, 1,484 (87%) of 1,706 eligible women were offered CL screening, and 1,119 (75%) were actually screened. Women were more likely to accept CL screening if they were nulliparous versus multiparous (83 vs. 68%, p < 0.001) and if the sonographer was female versus male (83 vs. 42%, p < 0.001). Implementation of an "opt-out" protocol did not increase the overall number of women accepting CL screening compared with an "opt-in" approach (76 vs. 75%, p = 0.81) CONCLUSION: Universal CL screening can be feasibly implemented and is acceptable to most women.

Early pregnancy failure as a training tool for chorionic villus sampling.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to evaluate the success of a training program in chorionic villus sampling (CVS) of early pregnancy failure (EPF) for maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) fellows. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of a new training program in CVS for MFM fellows. Women with EPF up to 13 weeks estimated gestational age were offered inclusion in our program and counseled on alternatives. Transcervical CVS was performed for both fellow education and cytogenetic diagnosis. The primary outcome was a successful diagnosis, and the secondary outcome was cell growth by fellow experience. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with EPF from December 2011 to March 2013 underwent CVS. Villi obtained via CVS yielded a diagnosis in 62% of cases. CVS samples with successful karyotype had more villi but were otherwise similar. CVS by experience showed a trend towards increased success and villi volume after the first five procedures. Abnormal results were obtained in 72% of cases, 15% of which led to changes in care. CONCLUSION: CVS of EPF is an option for the training of MFM fellows as it was acceptable to most patients, and the majority of CVS specimens yielded a karyotype diagnosis.

Common respiratory issues in ambulatory obstetrics.

This article reviews the diagnosis and management of the most common respiratory conditions complicating pregnancy--asthma and influenza. We also review strategies for smoking cessation in pregnancy as, in addition to exacerbating all other pulmonary conditions, smoking is the most modifiable risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome. Moreover, the obstetrician frequently encounters each of these conditions in the ambulatory setting. A thorough knowledge of the normal pregnancy-induced physiological respiratory changes combined with a comprehensive understanding of how to manage these conditions, will provide the obstetrician with the armamentarium needed to optimize health outcomes for mothers and their fetuses.

Not all child safety seats are created equal: the potential dangers of shield booster seats.

OBJECTIVE: Children are safest when traveling in a child safety seat appropriate for their age and size. Previous research indicates that children are often transitioned to shield booster seats (SBSs) before reaching the 40-lb weight limit for their forward-facing child safety seat (FFCSS). These children could have otherwise been restrained in a FFCSS as is currently recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The objective of this study was to compare the injury patterns among children who were restrained in SBSs and FFCSSs. Children in FFCSSs were chosen as a comparison group because SBS are predominantly used to restrain children who are <40 lb and could have been restrained in an FFCSS, and SBSs are no longer certified for use in children who are >40 lb. METHODS: This is a cohort study involving restrained crash victims who were admitted to a level 1 pediatric trauma center between 1991 and 2003. Patients were older than 1 year, weighed between 20 and 40 lb, and were restrained in an SBS (N = 16) or an FFCSS (N = 30). Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Scale, Glasgow coma score, intensive care admission, length of stay, and acute care charges served as outcomes of interest. RESULTS: No significant differences regarding crash and occupant characteristics were found (mean Delta V, crash type, passenger compartment intrusion, driver restraint use). Odds of severe injury were greater for children in SBSs compared with children in FFCSSs as measured by Injury Severity Score >15 (odds ratio [OR]: 8.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-33.6), intensive care admission (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 1.5-20.5), length of stay >2 days (OR: 6.3; 95% CI: 1.6-24.6), and Abbreviated Injury Scale > or = 3 (OR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.2-16.1). Furthermore, SBS cases had greater odds of head (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.2-17.3), chest (OR: 29.0; 95% CI: 3.1-267.3), and abdominal/pelvic injury (25% vs 0%). CONCLUSION: This study provides information about the increased risk of injury associated with shield boosters when compared with FFCSSs. The challenge for pediatricians is not only to promote the use of child restraints but also to ensure that parents use the most appropriate restraint for their child's age and weight.

Patterns of injury to restrained children in side impact motor vehicle crashes: the side impact syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Injury patterns among children in frontal collisions have been well documented, but little information exists regarding injuries to children in side impact collisions. METHODS: Restrained children 14-years-old or younger admitted to the hospital for crash injuries were analyzed. Data concerning injuries, medical treatment, and outcome were correlated with crash data. Case reviews achieved consensus regarding injury contact points. Side impacts were compared with frontal impacts. These results were then compared with data from the National Automotive Sampling System. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups with respect to age, sex, restraint type, or seat position. Compared with frontal crashes, children in side impacts were more likely to have an Injury Severity Score > 15 (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-5.8) and were more likely to have Abbreviated Injury Scale score 2+ injuries to the head (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.4), chest (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.0-8.0), and cervical spine (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.2-11.3). When compared with National Automotive Sampling System data, similar trends were seen regarding Abbreviated Injury Scale score 2+ injuries to the head, chest, and extremities. CONCLUSION: In this study population, side impacts resulted in more injuries to the head, cervical spine, and chest. Knowledge of this pattern-the side impact syndrome-can help guide diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategy.