[Successful immunosuppressive therapy in female hemophilia A developing inhibitor after perioperative administration of factor VIII products].

A 62-year-old woman was diagnosed as a hemophilia A carrier (factor VIII activity 35%) on preoperative examination of an ovarian tumor. A total of 35,600 units of recombinant factor VIII products was administered perioperatively. On postoperative day 95, a subcutaneous hematoma formed and immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone was started based on an APTT of 66 seconds, factor VIII (FVIII) activity of 3%, and FVIII inhibitor of 1 BU/ml. During this treatment, the patient was hospitalized due to ankle joint bleeds and required hemostatic treatment, but the inhibitor disappeared and FVIII activity recovered to 30% after postoperative day 438 with cyclophosphamide. F8 analysis revealed the patient carried a heterozygosity of p.Arg391Cys, which has previously been categorized as cross-reacting material (CRM)-positive severe hemophilia A. No high-risk mutations for inhibitor development were found. We also report the results of a desmopressin acetate hydrate test administered to the patient to prepare for future treatment in case of hemorrhage, since high-dose FVIII administration may have been a factor in inhibitor development.

Factor VII Deficiency Due to Compound Heterozygosity for the p.Leu13Pro Mutation and a Novel Mutation in the HNF4 Binding Region (-58G>C) in the F7 Promoter.

We investigated the molecular basis of factor VII (FVII) deficiency in a Japanese patient and identified compound heterozygous mutations. Factor VII activity and antigen levels in the patient were less than 5.0% and 6.5% of controls, respectively. All exons, exon-intron boundaries, and the 5' promoter region of F7 from genomic DNA were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing analysis of PCR fragments revealed that the patient was heterozygous for a known T to C substitution at nucleotide position 38, which resulted in the p.Leu13Pro missense mutation (Factor VII Morioka) in the signal peptide region, and a novel mutation in the 5' promoter region (-58G>C). An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the mutation in the promoter region reduced the binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF). It is presumed that the reduced binding of HNF-4 to the F7 promoter region reduces F7 transcription and thus reduces the synthesis and expression of FVII.

A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis with central nervous system involvement successfully treated with IFNα.

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell lymphoproliferative disease affecting mainly extranodal sites such as the lung, central nervous system (CNS), skin, kidney, and liver. We report a case of low-grade LYG involving the CNS that was successfully treated with interferon alpha (IFNα). A 69-year-old woman developed necrotic erythema of the skin and was initially diagnosed with pyoderma gangrenosum based on skin biopsy. She showed a limited response to prednisolone. Approximately 6 months after the initial onset, low-grade LYG was diagnosed after detection of CNS lesions on brain biopsy. The whole blood EBV-DNA load determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction was slightly elevated. Two months into IFNα therapy, skin and CNS lesions had responded favorably and the EBV-DNA load decreased. IFNα plays an important role in treatment of LYG through its antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, and anti-EBV effects. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of successful treatment with IFNα in Japan. Further investigation is necessary to determine optimal use of IFNα for LYG.

[Use of pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in dose-adjusted EPOCH-R therapy].

Dose-adjusted (DA)-EPOCH-R causes profound neutropenia requiring relatively long hospital stays with multiple doses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). A single-dose pegylated G-CSF (PEG-G-CSF) has been used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. We retrospectively examined 15 patients (median age 61, range 33-75 years) treated with DA-EPOCH-R. In the first cycle of the DA-EPOCH-R therapy, a G-CSF preparation was used, and since the second cycle, the G-CSF and PEG-G-CSF use groups were divided. The median length of hospitalization after starting chemotherapy in the second-cycle DA-EPOCH-R was significantly shorter with PEG-G-CSF group (n=9) of 9 (7-13) days compared with G-CSF group (n=6) of 18 (15-22) days (P<0.001). Risk factors of febrile neutropenia, such as bone marrow invasion, performance status, serum albumin, and history of febrile neutropenia at the first DA-EPOCH-R cycle or previous chemotherapy were not significantly different for both groups, and the incidence of febrile neutropenia in PEG-G-CSF and G-CSF groups was 2.6% and 46.9%, respectively. These analyses suggest that PEG-G-CSF can be combined with DA-EPOCH-R without compromising treatment outcomes as compared with the daily dose of G-CSF.

Beneficial tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in a patient with relapsed BCR-ABL1-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia with CCDC88C-PDGFRB fusion.

BCR-ABL1-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage that lack the BCR-ABL1 translocation but show a pattern of gene expression very similar to that seen in ALL with BCR-ABL1 with poor prognosis. A 22-year-old female was diagnosed with common-B-cell-ALL positive for CD10, CD19, CD22, CD79a, CD34, HLA-DR, and TdT in January 2017, and achieved complete remission (CR) with induction therapy, followed by consolidation therapy and maintenance therapy. In March 2020, 6 months after the completion of maintenance therapy, she relapsed. Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO) was administered, and on day 28, bone marrow evaluation showed a morphologic CR. She had an HLA-identical sibling, and transplantation in her 2nd CR was planned. Because her ALL had been identified as BCR-ABL1-like ALL with CCDC88C-PDGFRB fusion, she was treated with imatinib for 2 months accompanied by 2 intrathecal methotrexate therapies, and 1 course of L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisolone in an outpatient setting. MRD analysis revealed potent efficacy of 2 months imatinib therapy; IgH MRD decreased from 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 10-3, and CCDC88C-PDGFRB/104ABL from 37.3 to 0. It is earnestly desired that well-designed clinical trials of TKI in ABL class-mutant BCR-ABL1-like ALL be conducted in Japan.

[Interleukin-6-producing paraganglioma mimicking multicentric Castleman disease].

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) comprises a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the MCD pathophysiology. Here, we report the case of a 17-year-old Japanese man who presented with fever, headache, fatigue, and weight loss, with normal blood pressure. A movable mass was palpated in his lower abdomen. Laboratory tests revealed microcytic anemia and hypoalbuminemia, with elevated IL-6, sIL-2R, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated a 55-mm-diameter pelvic tumor and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. MCD was suspected, and the pelvic tumor resected. After the operation, his blood pressure rose slowly, and resulted to seizures of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Evaluation of hypertension revealed that plasma norepinephrine and normetanephrine concentrations were elevated, and pathological examinations showed that the resected tumor was positive for IL-6 and chromogranin-A. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with IL-6-producing paraganglioma with MCD-mimicking symptoms. Moreover, IL-6-producing pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma should be included in differential diagnoses of MCD, even in normotensive patients.

Successful correction of factor V deficiency of patient-derived iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing.

BACKGROUND: Factor V (FV) deficiency is a monogenic inherited coagulation disorder considered to be an ideal indication for gene therapy. To investigate the possibility of therapeutic application of genome editing, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a FV-deficient patient and repaired the mutation of factor V gene (F5) using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9). METHODS: The patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reprogrammed for iPSCs. The targeting vector was designed with homology arms against F5 containing the corrected sequence. Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and targeting vector were electroporated into iPSCs. Gene-edited iPSCs were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). RESULTS: The mutation of F5 in patient-derived iPSCs was repaired by CRISPR/Cas9. In concentrated culture supernatants of patient-derived iPS-HLCs, neither FV antigen nor activity was detected, while in those of gene-corrected iPS-HLCs, FV antigen and specific activity were 67.0 ± 13.1 ng/mL and 173.2 ± 41.1 U/mg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully repaired the mutation of F5 using the CRISPR/Cas9 and confirmed the recovery of FV activity with gene-corrected iPS-HLCs. Gene-edited iPSCs are promising for elucidating the pathophysiology as well as for a modality of gene therapy.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene correction in hemophilia B patient-derived iPSCs.

The clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is an efficient genome-editing tool that holds potential for gene therapy. Here, we report an application of this system for gene repair in hemophilia B (HB) using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We prepared targeting plasmids with homology arms containing corrected sequences to repair an in-frame deletion in exon 2 of the factor IX (F9) gene and transfected patient-derived iPSCs with the Cas9 nuclease and a guide RNA expression vector. To validate the expression of corrected F9, we attempted to induce the differentiation of iPSCs toward hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) in vitro. We successfully repaired a disease-causing mutation in HB in patient-derived iPSCs. The transcription product of corrected F9 was confirmed in HLCs differentiated from gene-corrected iPSCs. Although further research should be undertaken to obtain completely functional hepatocytes with secretion of coagulation factor IX, our study provides a proof-of-principle for HB gene therapy using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Complete response following toxic epidermal necrolysis in relapsed adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma after haploidentical stem cell transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is considered the curative treatment option in patients with aggressive adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), but the treatment of relapse after allo-HSCT remains a major challenge. We report a case of ATLL that was treated with sequential mogamulizumab (MOG) and lenalidomide (LEN) for early relapse after allo-HSCT. A 73-year-old Japanese male with acute-type ATLL underwent haploidentical-HSCT with post-transplant cyclophosphamide. He attained a complete response. However, ATLL relapse was diagnosed by biopsy of skin lesions that appeared on day 67. Discontinuation of immunosuppressant therapy alone did not result in improvement of ATLL, however, the skin lesions disappeared after an immune response was induced by sequential MOG and LEN. Following MOG and LEN, very serious toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) developed requiring high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Although graft-versus-host disease exacerbated and progressed to TEN, a complete response was achieved after successful treatment of TEN. These agents may thus enhance anti-ATLL activity by immune modulation. Further investigation is necessary to determine the optimal use of MOG and LEN in relapsed ATLL after allo-HSCT.

Self-organization at the first stage of honeycomb construction: Analysis of an attachment-excavation model.

Honeybees construct nests that consist of regularly arrayed hexagonal cylinders. In the first stage of honeycomb construction, they build a linear sequence of tetrapod structures that form the basis of the comb. However, considering their physiological limitations, it is unknown how honeybees produce that initial pattern. Herein, in an attempt to understand the mechanisms of honeycomb construction, we propose an agent-based model, the attachment-excavation model, in which worker honeybees are classified into attachers who secrete and attach wax, and excavators who excise the attached wax. The model assumes that workers instinctively refrain from digging through the thin parts of a wax cluster. We then conduct two-dimensional (2D) simulations that show how a tripod pattern can be seen as a projection of tetrapods onto a plane. The simulation results show that the tripod pattern emerges due to competition between the attachers and excavators. As time advances, the isotropic wax growth causes the tripods to connect planarly. Because the homogeneously broadened structures do not match that of a natural comb, we employ anisotropic wax growth to obtain a linear sequence of constructed tripods, thus suggesting that anisotropy is a significant contributor to the first stage of honeycomb construction. From our simulation results, we conclude that honeybees utilize self-organization to achieve complexity during the first stage of honeycomb construction. It is anticipated that the results of our study will provide insights into how complexity can be achieved within a hierarchy.

Comparison of cyclosporine and tacrolimus combined with mycophenolate mofetil in prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease after reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation with a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen (RIC-UCBT) is used increasingly in patients who have comorbid organ functions and lack human leukocyte antigen-identical donors. We compared the outcomes in 35 patients who received mycophenolate mofetil plus cyclosporine (MMF/CSP, n = 17) or MMF plus tacrolimus (MMF/TAC, n = 18) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis after RIC-UCBT. Cumulative incidence of neutrophil engraftment was 94 and 89 % in MMF/CSP and MMF/TAC groups, respectively (p = 0.34). The incidence of pre-engraftment immune reaction did not differ between the MMF/CSP (41 %) and MMF/TAC (39 %, p = 1.00) groups; however, patients in the MMF/TAC group tended to have a lower incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD than those in MMF/CSP group (28 vs 53 %, p = 0.11). Overall survival (OS) at 1 year was 43 and 60 % in MMF/CSP and MMF/TAC groups, respectively (p = 0.39). Progression-free survival, non-relapse mortality, and relapse rate were comparable between the two groups (p = 0.76, 0.59, and 0.88, respectively). In multivariate analyses, MMF/TAC GVHD prophylaxis was closely associated with improved OS, but not with incidence of engraftment and acute GVHD. These results suggest that more intensive GVHD prophylaxis with MMF/TAC decreased acute GVHD without affecting other clinical outcomes, resulting in improved OS after RIC-UCBT.

A case of refractory multiple myeloma with proliferation of large granular lymphocytes by lenalidomide treatment and its association with clinical efficacy.

A 72-year-old Japanese male was diagnosed as having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and was followed up without therapy. Three years later, the patient progressed to symptomatic multiple myeloma. Melphalan + prednisolone was administered as first-line chemotherapy for ~6 years. Since the patient was judged to exhibit refractory multiple myeloma, he subsequently received radiation therapy on the lumbar spine. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial and received lenalidomide + lowdose dexamethasone (Rd) therapy. The patient achieved very good partial remission following four cycles of Rd. At this time, large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) increased to 25-40% of peripheral blood leukocytes, however, the LGLs were present in the blood (~8%) prior to lenalidomide treatment. By flow cytometry of surface antigens, it was revealed that the LGLs were positive for cluster of differnetiation (CD)2, 7, 8, 16, 56, and 57, and human leukocyte antigen-D related, however, were negative for CD3, 4 and 5, suggesting that these LGLs predominantly exhibited an natural killer (NK) cell phenotype. T-cell receptor ß gene rearrangement was not detected by polymerase chain reaction. A 51Cr release assay was performed to investigate whether the NK cells actually possessed activity. A low level of M protein was sustained for ~15 months. This implied the enhancement of immune activation during lenalidomide treatment. The present case study suggested that LGL cells induced by lenalidomide may contribute to long-term restraint of myeloma cells. This immune system component may contribute to disease control.

Case history and genome-wide scans for copy number variants in a family with patient having 15q11.1-q11.2 duplication and 22q11.2 deletion, and schizophrenia.

Many studies have indicated that chromosomes 15q11 and 22q11 may be associated with the genetic etiologies of schizophrenia. We have followed an adult schizophrenia case with 15q11.1-q11.2 duplication and 22q11.2 deletion. Here we report his clinical history, and copy number variants (CNVs) identified by microarray and real-time PCR in the patient and his parents. This is the first report describing a detailed phenotype of an adult schizophrenic case with both 15q11 and 22q11 CNVs as revealed by novel and trustworthy technologies. Subjects were a 33-year-old male patient with 15q11 and 22q11 CNVs, and his normal parents. He fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia at age 18 years. He was also diagnosed with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) at age 18 years. To search for CNVs in more detail, whole-genome array-CGH analyses including ∼ 420,000 probes were carried out in the patient and his parents. For validations of the CNVs detected by array-CGH, real-time PCR analyses of these CNVs were performed. The patient had two disease-specific CNVs, 15q11.1-q11.2 duplication (∼ 2.7 Mb) and 22q11.21 deletion (∼ 2.9 Mb). These two regions are important for the development of schizophrenia, and this patient had shown symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus, the two areas may contain causal genes for schizophrenia.

Association between thromboembolic events and the JAK2 V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Thrombotic complications are a major cause of death in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), which are closely associated with the JAK2 V617F activating mutation. However, whether the presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation affects thrombotic risk is currently unknown, although some reports have suggested a variable association with thrombosis. Therefore, we investigated the association between JAK2 V617F and various complications, including thrombosis, in Japanese patients with MPNs. We assessed the JAK2 V617F status in 140 patients who were diagnosed or doubted as having some type of MPN by utilizing a JAK2 V617F-specific guanine-quenching probe. JAK2 V617F was detected in 31 of 51 patients (60.8%) with essential thrombocythemia, all 16 patients (100%) with polycythemia vera, 4 of 11 patients (36.4%) with primary myelofibrosis, 2 of 18 patients (11.1%) with other types of MPNs, and none of the 44 patients with doubted MPN. In the 78 patients with classical MPN, JAK2 V617F correlated with a leukocyte count ≥10,000/µl (p=0.046). Complications of thrombosis, hemorrhage, and leukemic transformation occurred in 21 (41.2%), 4 (25.0%), and 3 (27.3%) patients with classical MPN, respectively, and thrombotic events (TE) occurred more frequently in patients with JAK2 V617F than without (p=0.047). Based on these findings, initial screening for the JAK2 mutation and careful monitoring for thrombotic events should be performed in patients with MPN.

Donor-derived 47, XXY in an unrelated cord blood transplant recipient.

A 65-year-old Japanese male with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome was admitted for unrelated cord blood transplantation. A cord blood unit from a male donor was obtained from the Japan Cord Blood Bank Network. The patient then received a conditioning regimen consisting of fludarabine, intravenous busulfan, and total body irradiation. Successful engraftment was obtained. The bone marrow examination on day 28 revealed trilineage engraftment, and chimerism analysis by variable number of tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction confirmed complete donor chimerism. At that time, conventional cytogenetics of the bone marrow aspirate showed 20 out of 20 metaphases with the 47, XXY karyotype characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of human male infertility with a reported prevalence of 0.1-0.2% in the general population. In Japan Cord Blood Bank Network, there is no informed consent from parents about the possibility that post-unrelated cord blood transplantation patient evaluation may reveal donor-origin inherited diseases including cytogenetic abnormality. It is desirable to have opportunities in Japan discussing whether parents will be notified of the possibility that post-unrelated cord blood transplantation evaluation may reveal donor-derived illness incidentally.

[Fatal zygomycosis caused by Mucor indicus after haplo-identical stem cell transplantation].

A 62-year-old woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission was treated with unrelated cord blood transplantation, but exhibited primary graft failure. She then underwent HLA-haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from her daughter. The conditioning regimen consisted of fludarabine 30 mg/m(2)/day for 6 days, intravenous busulfan 3.2 mg/kg/day for 2 days, and thymoglobulin 1 mg/kg/day for 2 days. Voriconazole was administered to prevent fungal infections. The patient achieved prompt hematopoietic recovery. Fever was observed 21 days after the second transplant, followed by sigmoid colon perforation and a liver space occupying lesion (SOL). A filamentous fungus was detected in a percutaneous biopsy of the liver SOL. In spite of changing the antifungal drug from voriconazole to liposomal amphotericin B, the patient died on day 41. The fungus was identified as Mucor indicus, a type of zygomycete. Although Mucor indicus inhabits soil, an infectious disease is extremely rare, and breakthrough infection after voriconazole prophylaxis had not been reported until now. It is mandatory to consider preventive antifungal treatment for drug-resistant fungal infectious diseases in patients after neutrophilic recovery with a strongly immunocompromised state after a HLA-haploidentical transplant.

A case of 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome with BCR-FGFR1 gene fusion presenting with trilineage acute leukemia/lymphoma, successfully treated by cord blood transplantation.

The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome is a rare neoplasm associated with chromosomal translocations involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene located at chromosome 8p11-12. FGFR1 encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. The resultant fusion proteins are constitutively active tyrosine kinases that drive the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, whose uncontrolled growth can present as a myeloproliferative neoplasm. We report here the case of a 50-year-old man harboring the t(8;22)(p12;q11) chromosomal translocation in cells from both bone marrow and lymph nodes. He presented with acute leukemia and lymphoma with trilineage features. A novel mRNA in-frame fusion between exon 4 of the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene at chromosome 22q11 and exon 9 of FGFR1 gene on chromosome 8p11-12 was identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Because the patient was refractory to chemotherapy, cord blood transplantation was performed in progressive disease. It resulted in a successful outcome in which cytogenetic complete remission has been maintained for 2 years till date.

Successful treatment of small cell variant anaplastic large cell lymphoma with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, and review of the literature.

The small cell variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) presents in a nearly identical manner to the more common ALK(+) primary ALCL, with the exception that it is more frequently associated with leukemic involvement, and the prognosis has been reported to be poor. We report a 40-year-old Japanese male who was diagnosed with small cell variant ALCL with peripheral blood involvement stage IVB, age-adjusted international prognostic index 3. Conventional cytogenetics of the bone marrow aspirate specimen showed abnormal metaphases with the following karyotype: 47, XY, +X, t(2;5)(p23;q35). The patient was treated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia-oriented intensive chemotherapy. He underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from his HLA-DR1 locus mismatch sister. Prior to transplant, the patient had residual lymphadenopathy considered to be in partial remission. As of August 2012, the patient has achieved 18 months of continuous complete remission (CCR), with a Karnofsky score of 100 %. We have identified a total of seven cases of small cell variant ALCL treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the literature. Of these, no relapse was reported, and four patients were CCR more than 1 year. Allogeneic HSCT appears to represent a promising treatment option for small cell variant ALCL.

Unrelated cord blood transplantation for patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: experience at a single institute.

We report the results of unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) for patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) conducted in our single institute. Ten patients with ATLL (nine acute and one lymphoma-type) received UCBT during the period from August 2003 to July 2011. The median age at the time of diagnosis of ATLL was 51 years (range 37-64). The median period from diagnosis of ATLL to UCBT was 130 days (range 94-344). Conditioning regimens were myeloablative for six and reduced intensity for four. The median number of infused nucleated cells and CD34 positive cells were 2.52 × 10(7)/kg and 1.04 × 10(5)/kg, respectively. There was no engraftment failure. Three patients developed grade II acute graft versus host disease, and four developed grade III. The estimated 2-year overall survival was 40 % (95 % CI 12-67 %). Four of six chemosensitive patients prior to UCBT survived for 1035, 793, 712, and 531 days post-UCBT, respectively. There were no survivors among the four chemorefractory patients prior to UCBT. Our data indicates that UCBT is feasible and provides long-term survival in patients with chemosensitive ATLL.

[Management of insomnia and hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders].

Most psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, or neurotic disorders are associated with sleep disorders of various kinds, among which insomnia is most prevalent and important in psychiatric practice. Almost all patients suffering from major depression complain of insomnia. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia associated with major depression shortens the duration to achieve remission of depression. Insomnia has been recently reported to be a risk factor for depression. Hypersomnia is also a major sleep problem in patient suffering from depression. There have been no clinical guide to treat the symptoms of hypersomnia in depression, but some clinical trials treating them with NDRI or adjunctive administration of psychostimulants. In patients with schizophrenia, insomnia is often an early indicator of the aggravation of psychotic symptoms. Electroencephalographic sleep studies have also revealed sleep abnormalities characteristic to mood disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. A shortened REM sleep latency has been regarded as a biological marker of depression. Reduced amount of deep Non-REM sleep has been reported to be correlated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Recently, REM sleep abnormalities were found in teenagers having post-traumatic stress disorder after a boat accident. Although these facts indicate that insomnia plays an important role in the development of psychiatric disorders, there are few hypotheses explaining the cause and effect of insomnia in these disorders. Here, we reviewed recent articles on insomnia and hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders together with their clinical managements.